Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Analysis of opportunities for performance improvement based on data from agricultural mono substrate biogas plant

Wrzesińska-Jędrusiak Edyta, Czarnecki Michał, Szufa Szymon, Maj Grzegorz, Čabalová Iveta, Grześkowiak Marianna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 61

55--61

EN

Anaerobic digestion is a demanding process, due to the large number of process and environmental factors that affect it. Many years of research of the various parameters have made it possible to optimise the process to obtain the maximum amount of biogas and methane contained in it, and this provides energy and environmental benefits. The article deals extensively with the operation of agricultural biogas plants, using the example of a plant that faces numerous operational problems. In order to identify the negative effects on energy yield and the equipment operating in the system, the substrate was examined, the data on its operation analysed, and solutions were proposed that should be taken into account in the further operation of the biogas plant. The analysis showed a good biogas yield from beet pulp of 563 dm3∙kg-1 of TS (total solid) and an average methane yield of 58%. With the analysis presented, it was possible to identify some operational problems. The biogas yield study also highlighted some errors made at the plant design stage. The most important of these is the use of an inappropriate organic matter loading factor for the digester, which leads to acidification of the contents and degradation of the methanogenic microorganism cultures.

2

Reliability and availability modelling of a retrofitted Diesel-based cogeneration system for heat and hot water demand of an isolated Antarctic base

Coronado Miguel, Kadoch Benjamin, Contreras Jorge, Kristjanpoller Fredy

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 3

art. no. 169779

EN

The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a relevant challenge for a sustainable development. Waste heat could be used to produce hot water by using a recovery system. This article studies the availability of a combined heat and power systems (CHP) in extreme area (Antarctic) through the integration of a waste heat recovery system with a diesel generator to produce hot water. The reliability and availability principles are incorporated to explore how the profile of hot water consumption and the hot water storage tank size affect system availability. Different combined heat and power systems are thus classified, and their availability indexes modelled by adopting the continuous Markov approach and the state space model. The results indicate that the CHP systems availability is strongly influenced by the daily hot water demand profile. As a useful recommendation, one of the considerations for increasing availability, reducing costs and greenhouse gas emissions with the CHP system is to include a hot water tank in the analysis.

3

The tests of micro-CHP prototype with SI engine powered by LPG and natural gas

Przybyła Grzegorz, Ziółkowski Łukasz, Buczak Mateusz, Żmudka Zbigniew

Combustion Engines

|

2022

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R. 61, nr 2

47--53

EN

This paper presents the experimental results of a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) prototype based on a SI V-twin internal combustion engine driving a synchronous generator. The paper presents the criteria that were used to select the combustion engine and the electrical generator for the prototype. The internal combustion engine has been adapted to be fuelled by natural gas or LPG, with the possibility of controlling the load in two ways, i.e. by changing the throttle position (quantitatively) and/or the value of the excess air ratio by changing the fuel dose at a constant throttle position (qualitatively). The applied method of control allows to improve the efficiency of the engine especially in the range of partial loads. The experimental tests were carried out at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. During the tests, the fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine, the composition of the exhaust gas at the outlet of the exhaust system, the electrical parameters of the synchronous generator and the temperature at selected locations of the CHP system instance were measured. According to the obtained results, there was a slight increase in the efficiency of electricity generation with the application of the developed method of control of the combustion engine. The maximum power generation efficiency for Natural Gas (NG) was higher compared to LPG by more than 2 percentage points. The exhaust gas emission level confirm that the prototype cogeneration system meets the Stage II emission standard (in accordance with Directive 2002/08/EC for small SI engines with a power below 19 kW. D2 ISO 8178).

4

Study of Selected Parameters of Coal Burned in a Combined Heat and Power Plant

Paśnikowska-Łukaszuk Magdalena

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 15, no 2

108--115

EN

The paper discusses the use of fossil fuels and the process of their extraction in Poland. Hard coal used on a daily basis in one of the Polish combined heat and power plants was described, followed by monthly measurements of coal parameters. Daily and total analyzes of the obtained measurement results of hard coal were carried out in accordance with the applicable standards. The differences in the values of coal from the same source but imported at different time intervals are shown, which result from the weather conditions and the method of hard coal storage. Negative correlations occurred between ash content and calorific value, heat of combustion and volatile matter, as detailed in the work conclusions.

5

Wyniki optymalizacji pracy elektrociepłowni

Lichota J., Kołodziejak P.

Rynek Energii

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2018

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Nr 4

71--78

PL

Jest to czwarty z artykułów opisujących kompleksowo sposób optymalizacji ekonomicznej wytwarzania energii elektrycznej i ciepła w elektrociepłowni gazowo-parowej. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera wyniki optymalizacji ekonomicznej elektrociepłowni w Siedlcach. Opisuje on zmiany jakie zaszły w budowie źródła oraz uzyskane wyniki finansowe.

EN

This is the fourth of several articles that describe in details a way to optimize the economic production of electricity and heat in combined heat and power gas-steam plants. This article contains the results of the optimization of the economic plant in Siedlce. It describes the changes that have been made in the construction of the power source and the results obtained.

6

Termodynamiczny model elektrociepłowni gazowo-parowej

Lichota J., Kołodziejak P.

Rynek Energii

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2018

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Nr 5

20--29

PL

Artykuł opisuje dwa modele termodynamiczne elektrociepłowni EC-2 w Siedlcach wykorzystujący przemiany izentropowe i politropowe oraz model spalania gazu. Pokazano szczegółowy algorytm obliczeń prowadzonych w modelach. Porównano wyniki uzyskane z modeli z wynikami pomiarów uzyskując dobrą zgodność. Modele można wykorzystać do optymalizacji pracy elektrociepłowni gazowo–parowej pracującej na rynku energii.

EN

This article describes two thermodynamic models of plant EC-2 located in Siedlce. First model uses isentropic expansion, second- polytropic. The paper shows detailed calculation algorithm in models. Results obtained within models were compared with measurements. There were certain differences because of different places of calculations and available measurements. Relations between values were valid e.g. flue gas flow in combustion chamber computed by isentropic model was 81.5 kg/s, measured flue gas flow behind gas turbine was 88-94 kg/s (including additional cooling air flow, which was at second stage of turbine and was not included in calculations), assumed oxygen concentration 9% (=21%-12%) being involved in oxidation reaction in the combustion chamber is smaller than the measured concentration of 15%>12% in flue gases behind gas turbine. Results from models approximately show measurements. It seems that real transformation of CCGT thermodynamic system is between isentropic and polytropic process, because measurements are between results from models. It was shown that relatively simple models can be applied to modelling of gas-vapour cycle. Generated electrical power in both cycles agrees with measurements, computed gas flow in combustion chamber agrees too. It allows for applying that model in economic calculations answering e.g. questions about economic profitability of CHP.

7

Model matematyczny elektrociepłowni

Lichota J., Kołodziejak P.

Rynek Energii

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2018

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Nr 2

63--71

PL

Jest to drugi z artykułów opisujących kompleksowo sposób optymalizacji ekonomicznej wytwarzania energii elektrycznej i ciepła w elektrociepłowni gazowo-parowej. Niniejszy artykuł opisuje model elektrociepłowni funkcjonującej na rynku energii. Model zawiera elementy technologii, ekonomii oraz prawa. Kolejny artykuł będzie zawierał funkcję celu opartą o przedstawiony model, a także jej ograniczenia techniczne.

EN

This is the second of several articles that describe in details a way to optimize the economic production of electricity and heat in combined heat and power gas-steam plants. This article describes mathematical model of CHP in the energy market. The model contains elements of technology, economics and law. Next article will contain the objective function based on the presented model, as well as its technical limitations.

8

Funkcja celu elektrociepłowni i jej ograniczenia

Lichota J., Kołodziejak P.

Rynek Energii

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2018

|

Nr 3

31--35

PL

Jest to trzeci z artykułów opisujących kompleksowo sposób optymalizacji ekonomicznej wytwarzania energii elektrycznej i ciepła w elektrociepłowni gazowo-parowej. Niniejszy artykuł opisuje funkcję celu – maksymalizację zysku netto. Kolejny artykuł będzie zawierał wyniki optymalizacji elektrociepłowni w Siedlcach.

EN

This is the third of several articles that describe in details a way to optimize the economic production of electricity and heat in combined heat and power gas-steam plants. This article describes the objective function of CHP – net profit. Next article will contain the results of the optimization of power plants in Siedlce.

9

Elektrociepłownia na rynku energii

Lichota J., Kołodziejak P.

Rynek Energii

|

2018

|

Nr 1

11--19

PL

Jest to pierwszy z kilku artykułów opisujących kompleksowo sposób optymalizacji ekonomicznej wytwarzania energii elektrycznej i ciepła w elektrociepłowni gazowo-parowej. Niniejszy artykuł opisuje budowę elektrociepłowni w Siedlcach oraz ogólny model rynku energii zawierający elementy technologii ekonomii oraz prawa. Kolejne artykuły będą zawierały model matematyczny zysku netto oraz wyniki z rzeczywistej optymalizacji elektrociepłowni gazowo-parowej.

EN

This is the first of several articles that describe in details a way to optimize the economic production of electricity and heat in combined heat and power gas-steam plants. This article describes the construction of a combined heat and power plants in Siedlce and general model of energy market that contains elements of technology, economics and law. Subsequent articles will include a mathematical model of the net profit and results from the actual optimization of gas-steam CHP.

10

Modeling of a nuclear combined heat and power station supplying heat to remote municipal customers - the case of Poland

Cholewiński M., Tomków Ł.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2018

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Vol. 98, nr 3

255--266

EN

Nuclear power is advocated as a cheap, clean and reliable source of electric power for both industry and the household sector. This paper focuses on technical issues relating to commissioning a cogeneration unit for use in combination with a typical Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). Three heat extraction possibilities were analyzed and modeled in order to identify the most favorable option based on various criteria. The investigated possibilities of heat extraction were turbine bypass, steam bleeding and partial removal of heat from the network of regenerating heat exchangers. The working conditions of a municipal heat network, such as pressure drop and heat losses, were calculated and adapted to the conurbation centered on Gdansk (Poland). Annual demand was analyzed in light of the current state of development of the heating network. The operating parameters of the power plant were based on the Asco Nuclear Power Station in Spain. It was observed that certain heat extraction methods could deliver a significant increase in the weighted utilization factor.

11

Instalacja skojarzonego wytwarzania ciepła i energii elektrycznej (μCHP) – badania eksperymentalne parametrów energetycznych

Gil P., Tychanicz M., Wilk J.

Rynek Energii

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2016

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Nr 5

49--57

PL

W ostatnich latach obserwuje się wzrost zainteresowania układami do skojarzonego wytwarzania ciepła i energii elektrycznej (ang. CHP Combined Heat and Power) z wykorzystaniem paliw gazowych. Kogeneracja to zamiana energii zawartej w paliwach na ciepło i/lub chłód, energię elektryczną lub mechaniczną, realizowana w jednym urządzeniu. Skojarzone wytwarzanie energii może być realizowane zarówno na dużą skalę w elektrociepłowniach zawodowych jak i w tzw. skali mikro, czyli przy użyciu agregatów kogeneracyjnych. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki eksperymentalne krótkoo-kresowego badania efektów pracy małej jednostki kogeneracyjnej GECC60A2N firmy AISIN. Kogenerator o nominalnej mocy elektrycznej 6 kW wytwarza energię elektryczną oddawaną do uczelnianej sieci oraz ciepło oddawane do zasobnika CWU. Dokonano pomiaru przebiegu charakterystycznych temperatur, mocy oraz sprawności. Chwilowa sprawność elek-tryczna wynosiła 24,8%, natomiast średnia sprawność elektryczna 24,3%. Chwilowa sprawność cieplna sięgała 46,0% natomiast średnia sprawność cieplna już tylko 38,5%. Deklarowany przez producenta nominalny EUF powinien wynosić 85% natomiast maksymalna chwilowa wartość tego wskaźnika wyniosła 70,9%, natomiast jej średnio-dzienna wartość 62,8%.

EN

In recent years, an interest in combined heat and power units with using gaseous fuels has increased. Cogeneration is the conversion of the chemical energy of fuels for heating and/or cooling, electricity, implemented in a single device. Combined power generation can be accomplished both in heat and power plants on a large scale and in CHP units in so-called micro scale. The article presents the results of experimental research of work efficiency of short-term small cogeneration unit GECC60A2N AISIN. CHP unit with nominal electric power 6kW generates electricity and heat, which then are transmitted to the local network and to the hot water storage cylinder located in a laboratory room. The aim of the research was to make calculations of characteristic temperatures of the unit, its power and efficiency. Temporary electrical efficiency was 24.8%, while the average electrical efficiency 24.3%. Instantaneous thermal efficiency reached 46.0% while the average thermal efficiency is only 38.5%. Declared by the manufacturer nominal EUF shall be 85% and the maximum instantaneous value of EUF is 70.9%, while its average-daily value 62.8%.

12

Wpływ aktualnych uwarunkowań rynku gazu w Polsce na bezpieczeństwo energetyczne i rozwój gazowych jednostek kogeneracyjnych

Otawa A., Skomudek W.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

8240--8249

PL

Artykuł dotyczy problematyki kogeneracji, tj. skojarzonego wytwarzania energii cieplnej i elektrycznej. Scharakteryzowano w nim paliwa gazowe dla układów kogeneracyjnych oraz poruszono kwestię aktualnych zmian na rynku gazu, które wpływają na bezpieczeństwo energetyczne państwa oraz sprzyjają rozwojowi technologii wytwarzania energii i ciepła w skojarzeniu.

EN

The article concerns the issues of CHP (Combined Heat and Power). The article describes gaseous fuels for cogeneration systems and presents the current changes in the gas market, which affect the energy security of the country and the development of energy technologies and CHP.