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Non-destructive methods determination of thermal shock resistance of natural building stones applicated with different water repellent chemicals on their surfaces

Ekincioğlu Gökhan

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2023

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T. 39, z. 3

81--101

EN

Natural stones are used as coating material on the exteriors and terraces of buildings in architecture, and in places such as entrances, halls, living rooms, kitchens, bathrooms and stairs in interior spaces. Limra limestone and travertine are used as natural building materials in many structures depending on their colors. However, the water absorption values of these two natural stones are high due to their porosity, resulting in negative effects from atmospheric conditions. In this study, two different carbonate-based natural stones, limra limestone and travertine, were treated with two different water-repellent chemicals, one solvent-based and one water-based. After application, thermal shock tests were performed with a sodium chloride solution consisting of twenty cycles. The changes in the weights of samples dried to constant mass, ultrasonic permeability, Leeb hardness, and color change values in the samples were determined after the thermal shock tests. In addition, the effects of water-repellent chemicals on the formation of NaCl crystals accumulated in the pores of the rocks were examined by SEM and EDX analysis. Changes in non-destructively measured values were compared with the values of reference samples without surface protection. The solvent-based water-repellent chemical made the sample surface more hydrophobic than the water-based repellent. In both types of natural stones, the solvent-based water repellent chemical showed more protective properties against salt crystallization under thermal shock conditions compared to the water-based repellent.

PL

Kamienie naturalne są stosowane jako materiał powłokowy na zewnątrz i tarasach budynków w architekturze oraz w miejscach takich jak wejścia, hole, pokoje dzienne, kuchnie, łazienki i schody w przestrzeniach wewnętrznych. Wapień limra i trawertyn są wykorzystywane jako naturalne materiały budowlane w wielu konstrukcjach w zależności od ich kolorystyki. Jednak wartości nasiąkliwości tych dwóch kamieni naturalnych są wysokie ze względu na ich porowatość, co skutkuje negatywnym oddziaływaniem warunków atmosferycznych. W tym badaniu dwa różne kamienie naturalne na bazie węglanów, wapień limra i trawertyn, potraktowano dwoma różnymi hydrofobowymi chemikaliami, jednym na bazie rozpuszczalnika i jednym na bazie wody. Po aplikacji przeprowadzono testy szoku termicznego z roztworem chlorku sodu składające się z 20 cykli. Zmiany masy suszonych do stałej masy próbek, przepuszczalność ultradźwięków, twardość Leeba oraz zmiany barwy w próbkach określono po testach szoku termicznego. Ponadto zbadano wpływ chemikaliów hydrofobowych na powstawanie kryształów NaCl gromadzących się w porach skał za pomocą analizy SEM (skaningowa mikroskopia elektronowa) i EDX (rentgenowska dyspersja energii). Zmiany wartości mierzonych w sposób nieniszczący porównano z wartościami próbek referencyjnych bez zabezpieczenia powierzchni. Środek hydrofobowy na bazie rozpuszczalnika sprawił, że powierzchnia próbki była bardziej hydrofobowa niż powierzchnia na bazie wody. W obu typach kamieni naturalnych hydrofobowa substancja chemiczna na bazie rozpuszczalnika wykazywała lepsze właściwości ochronne przed krystalizacją soli w warunkach szoku termicznego w porównaniu z substancją na bazie wody.

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Formulation of Colors Using a Genetic Algorithm

Draus C., Nowak G., Nowak M., Tokarski M.

Image Processing & Communications

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2012

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Vol. 17, no. 4

241--244

EN

The possibility to obtain a desired color of the product and to ensure its repeatability in the production process is highly desired in many industries such as printing, automobile, dyeing, textile, cosmetics or plastics industry. So far, most companies have traditionally used the "manual" method, relying on intuition and experience of a colorist. However, the manual preparation of multiple samples and their correction can be very time consuming and expensive. The computer technology has allowed the development of software to support the process of matching colors. Nowadays, formulation of colors is done with appropriate equipment (colorimeters, spectrophotometers, computers) and dedicated software. Computer-aided formulation is much faster and cheaper than manual formulation, because fewer corrective iterations have to be carried out, to achieve the desired result. Moreover, the colors are analyzed with regard to the metamerism, and the best recipe can be chosen, according to the specific criteria (price, quantity, availability). Optimaization problem of color formulation can be solved in many diferent ways. Authors decided to apply genetic algorithms in this domain.

3

Rubik's cube reconstruction from single view for service robots

Kasprzak W., Szynkiewicz W., Czajka Ł.

Machine Graphics and Vision

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2006

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Vol. 15, No. 3/4

451-459

EN

The Rubik's cube puzzle is seen as a benchmark for service robots. In such an application, a computer vision subsystem is required to locate the object in space and to determine the configuration of its colored cells. This paper presents a robust algorithm for Rubik's cube reconstruction from a single view in real time. An issue of special interest is to obtain a good tade-off between the quality of results, and the computational complexity of the algorithm.