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EN
Two schemes have been developed to reduce the cogging torque generated by the gap between the stator modules of the modular permanent magnet synchronous motor. These schemes involve shifting the gap position to change the phase of the cogging torque, thereby eliminating some of its components and reducing its magnitude. Finite element simulation was used to verify the cogging torque of E and C type modular motors using two different schemes. The effect of the offset gap on electromagnetic performance and motor vibration noise was also analysed. The results indicate that both schemes weaken the cogging torque without significantly affecting the electromagnetic performance of the motor or increasing vibration noise.
EN
As we have known, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have garnered widespread interest across various industrial applications thanks to their advantages such as high efficiency, reliable performance, simple structure, and adaptability to various shapes and sizes. Due to characteristics of the high torque and low speed, the PMSMs make particularly well-suited for traction applications such as trucks, ship propulsion, mining, and more. In this context, a combination of the analytical method and finite element method (FEM) is proposed for designing and simulating a six-phase surface-mounted PMSM. Firstly, a model of the six-phase PMSM is analytically design to make required/main dimensions. The FEM is then applied to analyse and verify electromagnetic parameters such as of the current waveform, back electromagnetic force (EMF), magnetic flux density in the air gap, flux linkage, torque, cogging torque, torque ripple and harmonic components. Via the obtained results, the research will give a contribution of valuable insights for optimizing the design, performance and reliability for this motor in diverse industrial applications.
EN
In the article, an approach to design a novel single-phase permanent magnet (PM) brushless DC (BLDC) motor, based on multi-step FEA numerical prototyping, is presented. The designing procedure is carried out by using a series of 2D finite element simulations, until the design for a best performing PM BLDC motor is obtained. The proposed novel motor topology is developed using a generic motor, and through several steps, asymmetrical stator poles are devised, where one pair is particularly shaped. Permanent magnets are also simultaneously shaped. The aim of this research study is to improve performance characteristics of the motor by more efficient utilisation of active materials during the manufacture of rotor poles and stator cores. The magnetic field distribution in the motor crosssection, along with several other relevant electromagnetic and electromechanical characteristics, are computed, presented in figures and charts and analysed. The cogging torque and static torque waveforms, as well as the distribution of flux density and the air-gap flux, flux linkage and the induced back-emf, are in the focus of the presented research study. The results show that the novel design topology reveals featured operating characteristics, providing a smooth overall performance of the PM BLDC motor.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the impact of selected changes in the construction of a motor with a commutator and permanent magnets in the stator on the value of the cogging torque. The influence of the number of grooves, the arrangement of the magnets, the width of the air gap and the direction of magnetization were examined. Calculations were made on the basis of prepared field models in the FEMM 4.2 program. For the analyzed cases, the distribution of magnetic induction, the distribution of flux lines and the distribution of induction in the gap were determined.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono analizę wpływu wybranych zmian w konstrukcji silnika z komutatorem oraz magnesami trwałymi w stojanie na wartość momentu zaczepowego. Zbadano wpływ liczby żłobków, ułożenia magnesów, grubości szczeliny powietrznej oraz kierunku magnesowania. Obliczenia przeprowadzono w oparciu o przygotowane modele polowe w programie FEMM 4.2. Dla analizowanych przypadków wyznaczono rozkład indukcji magnetycznej w przekroju poprzecznym silnika, rozkład linii strumienia oraz obwodowe rozkłady składowej normalnej indukcji w szczelinie powietrznej.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono analizę wpływu wybranych zmian w konstrukcji silnika z komutatorem oraz magnesami trwałymi w stojanie na wartość momentu zaczepowego. Zbadano wpływ liczby żłobków, ułożenia magnesów, grubości szczeliny powietrznej oraz kierunku magnesowania. Obliczenia przeprowadzono w oparciu o przygotowane modele polowe w programie FEMM 4.2. Dla analizowanych przypadków wyznaczono rozkład indukcji magnetycznej w przekroju poprzecznym silnika, rozkład linii strumienia oraz obwodowe rozkłady składowej normalnej indukcji w szczelinie powietrznej.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the impact of selected changes in the construction of a motor with a commutator and permanent magnets in the stator on the value of the cogging torque. The influence of the number of grooves, the arrangement of the magnets, the width of the air gap and the direction of magnetization were examined. Calculations were made on the basis of prepared field models in the FEMM 4.2 program. For the analyzed cases, the distribution of magnetic induction, the distribution of flux lines and the distribution of induction in the gap were determined.
EN
Both permanent magnet brushless DC motors and permanent magnet synchronous motors have attracted wide attention and are increasingly used in industrial high-performance applications in recent years. Those motors are known for their good electrical, magnetic and performance characteristics, but there is one parameter known as cogging torque that has a negative influence on the performance characteristics of the motor. This pulsating torque is generated as a result of the interaction between the stator teeth and the permanent magnets. The minimisation of the ripple of this torque in those permanent magnet motors is of great importance and is generally achieved by a special motor design which in the design process involves a variety of many geometrical motor parameters. In this research work, a novel approach will be introduced where two different nature-inspired algorithms, such as genetic algorithm (GA) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithm are used as an optimisation tool, in which the defined equation for the maximum value of the cogging torque is applied as an objective function. Therefore, a proper mathematical presentation of the maximum value of the cogging torque for the analysed synchronous motor is developed and implemented in the research work. For a detailed analysis of the three different motor models, the initial motor and the two optimised motor models are modelled and analysed using a finite element method approach. The cogging torque is analytically and numerically calculated and the results for all the models are presented.
EN
The concentrated winding (CW) is obviously different from the traditional distributed winding (DW) in the arrangement of windings and the calculation of winding factors, which will inevitably lead to different performances of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In order to analyze the differences between the CW and the DW in the performance, a 3 kW, 1500 r/min PMSM is taken as an example to establish a 2-D finite element model. The correctness of the model is verified by comparing experimental data and calculated data. Firstly, the finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the electromagnetic field of the PMSM, and the performance parameters of the PMSM are obtained. On this basis, the influences of the two winding structures on the performance are quantitatively analyzed, and the differences between the two winding structures on the performance of the PMSM will be determined. Finally, the differences of efficiency between the two winding structures are obtained. In addition, the influences of the winding structures on eddy current loss are further studied, and the mechanism of eddy current loss is revealed by studying the eddy current density. The analysis of this paper provides reference and practical value for the optimization design of the PMSM.
EN
The analysis of cogging torque, torque ripple and total harmonic distortion of a permanent magnet (PM) flux-switching machine having separate excitation stators is presented in this study. Further, the effect of unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) on the rotor of this machine is also investigated. A comparison of the analysed machine having different rotor pole configurations is also given. The analysis shows that the largest cogging torque, torque ripple as well as total harmonic distortion (THD) are obtained in the four-rotor-pole machine while the least of THD and torque ripple effects is seen in the thirteen-rotor-pole machine. Furthermore, the evaluation of the radial magnetic force of the machines having an odd number of rotor poles shows that the investigated machine having a five-rotor-pole number exhibits the highest value of UMF, while the smallest amount of UMF is obtained in an eleven-rotor-pole machine. Similarly, it is observed that the machines having an even number of rotor poles exhibit a negligible amount of UMF compared to the ones of the odd number of rotor poles.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono propozycję rozwiązania problemu bezczujnikowego sterowania wolnoobrotową maszyną synchroniczną z magnesami trwałymi PMSM. Przedstawiono silnik PMSM, który zastosowano w stanowisku badawczym. Omówiono problem występowania tętnień momentu napędowego wynikający głównie ze znacznego momentu zaczepowego. Pokazano rozwiązanie kompensujące tętnienia momentu napędowego w silniku PMSM. Przygotowano procedurę startową układu regulacji prędkości pozwalającą na uruchomienie napędu bez czujników prędkości i położenia. Do sterowania silnikiem użyto metodę sterowania polowo zorientowanego z regulatorami PI prądów stojana w osiach dq. Przedstawiono zależności nowej, prostszej wersji obserwatora stanu. Pokazano wyniki eksperymentów potwierdzających poprawne działanie napędu.
EN
The paper presents a possible implementation of a sensorless low speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) control. The test setup for this purpose consists of an individual and programmable back-to-back voltage inverter and a PMSM with nominal power of 12 kW and nominal speed of 600 rpm. The impact of cogging torque oscillations is identified, which cause significant problems in the implementation of a Field Oriented Control for low speed PMSM. In order to handle this torque oscillation problem a compensation method is proposed as well. A start-up procedure for the control system was implemented that allows a motor start without any rotor angle and speed sensors. The presented control method is based on the Field Oriented Control with PI stator current controllers in dq axes. Furthermore, the equations of the applied state observer are shown. The observer estimates all of the control variables necessary using phase current measurement and the information of the desired stator voltage. All theoretical assumptions are verified with experimental results, which show the proper operation of the low speed PMSM drive.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienie nierównomierności prędkości kątowej w napędzie z silnikiem synchronicznym o magnesach trwałych. Omówiono przyczyny powstawania tętnień momentu silnika. Zaproponowano strukturę sterowania silnikiem PMSM w osiach dq wyposażoną w kompensator neuronowy momentu zaczepowego. Wprowadzono nadrzędny układ uczenia iteracyjnego. Uczenie iteracyjne realizowane jest na podstawie estymacji momentu zaczepowego, przeprowadzonej na bazie interpolacji funkcjami sklejanymi. Dokonano symulacyjnej weryfikacji koncepcji kompensacji.(Cogging torque compensation in PMSM drive using ILC).
EN
This paper presents the problem of rotational speed unevenness in direct drives with permanent magnet synchronous motors. The causes of the motor torque ripples are discussed. Proposed PMSM control structure in dq axes is equipped with a neural compensator of cogging torque. Introduced iterative learning control was based on the estimation of the cogging torque and spline interpolation. The compensation concept was examined by simulation.
11
Content available remote Comparison of two synchronous motors with interior magnets
EN
The paper presents two prototypes of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) and their experimental and simulation results comparison. After the optimization, two different rotors have been constructed and tested. Particularly self and mutual winding inductances as well as d- and q-axis inductances were evaluated. The torque values for different currents and power angles, as well as induced voltage, were measured and compared with calculated values. Finally self and mutual waveforms of inductances of a phase windings were measured and simulated.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono porównanie wyników symulacji i pomiarów dwóch prototypów maszyn synchronicznych z zagnieżdżonymi magnesami trwałymi (IPMSM). Wykorzystując wyniki wcześniejszych optymalizacji zbudowano i następnie przebadano dwa różne wirniki. Wyznaczono wartości indukcyjności własnych i wzajemnych, a także indukcyjności w osiach d- i g-. Dokonano obliczeń i pomiarów wartości momentu elektromagnetycznego dla różnych prądów, a także indukowanego napięcia, momentu zaczepowego i funkcji sprawności. Ostatecznie zmierzono i zasymulowano przebiegi indukcyjności własnych i wzajemnych uzwojeń fazowych.
EN
In this paper, a new type of interior composite-rotor bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motors (BPMSMs) with two layer permanent magnets (PMs) is proposed. In order to reduce the torque ripple of this kind of motors, the sizes of PMs are optimized. Moreover, the magnetic field analysis of the interior composite-rotor BPMSM with two layer PMs is carried out by the finite element method (FEM). The corresponding static electronic magnetic characteristics at no load, including magnetic field, PM flux linkage and inductance, are studied in detail. In addition, electromagnetic torque characteristics and suspension force characteristics are also investigated thoroughly. The results of the analysis and simulation lay a significant foundation for further research on the interior composite-rotor BPMSMs with two layer PMs.
EN
In order to compare the performance difference of the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) with different rotor structure, two kinds of rotor magnetic circuit structure with surface-mounted radial excitation and tangential excitation are designed respectively. By comparing and analyzing the results, the difference of the motor performance was determined. Firstly, based on the finite element method (FEM), the motor electromagnetic field performance was studied, and the magnetic field distribution of the different magnetic circuit structure was obtained. The influence mechanism of the different magnetic circuit structure on the air gap flux density was obtained by using the Fourier theory. Secondly, the cogging torque, output torque and overload capacity of the PMSM with different rotor structure were studied. The effect mechanism of the different rotor structure on the motor output property difference was obtained. The motor prototype with two kinds of rotor structure was manufactured, and the experimental study was carried out. By comparing the experimental data and simulation data, the correctness of the research is verified. This paper lays a foundation for the research on the performance of the PMSM with different magnetic circuit structure.
EN
The article presents the most important causes of energy losses in magnetic circuits of electrical machines and describes a new design of a synchronized induction motor. The basic operational parameters of two structures: induction machine with squirrel cage (IM) and newly designed machine with a rotor with permanent magnets and a copper squirrel cage (induction machine synchronized with self-starting (LSPMSM) have been identified and compared. Performance characteristics were determined for work in steady states. In both cases the stator, type Sg 100L-4B of 3 kW induction motor was used. It has been shown that the PSPMSM supplied from the public mains grid shows the efficiency approx. 5% higher than the conventional motor. The influence of the change in the supply voltage frequency on the work of both structures was tested, i.e. on the measured efficiency, power factor and the electricity from electrical grid. Studies have shown that the LSPMSM can be a replacement for an induction motor. It has been shown that the torque pulsations occurring in the new structure (cogging torque) do not increase the environmental risks.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono konstrukcję i wybrane wyniki badań wielobiegunowego generatora z magnesami trwałymi o mocy 500 W i prędkości znamionowej 200 obr/min. Generator ten ma współpracować z niewielką turbiną wiatrową o pionowej osi obrotu. Dzięki obwodowi magnetycznemu o unikalnej, opatentowanej konstrukcji uzyskano bardzo mały moment zaczepowy pomimo dużej liczby biegunów wirnika i pomimo prostych żłobków stojana. W artykule pokazano konstrukcję wirnika i stojana oraz widok wykonanego prototypu prądnicy, przedstawiono zależność napięcia od prędkości obrotowej dla biegu jałowego oraz zależność napięcia od obciążenia dla prędkości znamionowej, a także wyniki pomiarów momentu zaczepowego. Generator może być także stosowany w mikroelektrowniach wodnych i wiatrowych.
EN
The paper presents the design and chosen experiment results for multi-pole permanent magnet generator of the power of 500W and rated speed of 200 rpm. This generator is to cooperate with small wind turbine of vertical pivot. In spite of many rotor's poles and straight stator grooves, very low cogging torque has been obtained due to unique patented magnetic circuit. The paper also shows the image of generator prototype, the relationship between the voltage and the speed of generator at no-load mode, the realationship between the voltage and the load of generator at the rated speed and mesurement results for cogging torque. This generator can also be applied in micro wind and hydrology power plant.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań symulacyjnych dotyczących zmniejszenia amplitudy momentu zaczepowego w silniku bezszczotkowym prądu stałego wzbudzanym magnesami trwałymi. Obliczenia zrealizowano przy użyciu środowiska Flux firmy Cedrat opartego na metodzie elementów skończonych przy wykorzystaniu modeli quasi-trójwymiarowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań symulacyjnych dokonano analizy możliwości zmniejszenia wartości amplitudy momentu zaczepowego w konstrukcji silnika poprzez dokonanie modyfikacji obwodu magnetycznego. Zbadano wpływ na moment zaczepowy kąta skosu i szerokości otwarcia żłobków stojana, wysokości i rozpiętości kątowej magnesów, a także wysokości szczeliny powietrznej.
EN
This paper presents the results of simulation studies on reduction cogging torque in brushless direct current motor with permanent magnets. The simulations have been done using the finite element method with Flux by Cedrat company using quasi three-dimensional models. Based on simulation studies analyzes the possibility of reducing cogging torque amplitude by magnetic circuit modification in motor design. Investigated the effect of stator slot skew angle, slot opening width, height and angular range magnets, height of air gap on cogging torque.
17
Content available remote Influence of the arrangement and sizes of magnets on the cogging torque of PMSM
EN
Two-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors are discussed in this paper and the influence of the magnet sizes on cogging torque (CT) is explored. The cogging torque has been calculated using ANSYS/Maxwell software. In more detail, influences of the magnet size, their positioning and orientation to the CT in two basic rotor types were studied. The cogging torque waveform for critical dimensions has been considered using the FFT analysis. The first rotor type is with semi-arc shaped magnets located on the rotor surface. The second motor type features magnets embedded in its rotor. The shape of the stator magnetic circuit has been predetermined.
PL
W artykule omawiane są dwufazowe silniki synchroniczne z magnesami trwałymi oraz analizowany jest wpływ rozmiarów magnesów na momenty zaczepowe. Momenty zaczepowe zostały obliczone za pomocą oprogramowania ANSYS/Maxwell. W szczególności rozpatrywany jest wpływ rozmiaru magnesów, ich ustawienia i orientacji na momenty zaczepowe dla dwóch podstawowych typów wirników. Kształt momentów zaczepowych dla krytycznych rozmiarów został przeanalizowany z użyciem analizy FFT. Pierwszy analizowany typ wirnika zawiera wygięte magnesy zlokalizowane na powierzchni wirnika. Drugi typ silnika zawiera magnesy wbudowane w wirnik. Kształt obwodu magnetycznego stojana został z góry określony.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych małej elektrowni wiatrowej o pionowej osi obrotu typu H-Darrieus oraz system zdalnego sterowania.
EN
The paper presents results of laboratory tests of small wind power station with vertical axis of rotation type H-Darrieus and remote control system.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy generatora wolnoobrotowego wielobiegunowego dla dwóch rodzajów ekscentryczności wirnika jak również dla niesymetrycznego rozmieszczenia magnesów trwałych na wirniku. W tym celu wykonano obliczenia momentu zaczepowego jak również obliczenia momentu elektromagnetycznego dla wymuszenia napięciowego przy obciążeniu generatora rezystancją zastępczą oraz indukcyjnością. Analizę wykonano w środowisku obliczeniowym MAXWELL przy użycia środowiska transient.
EN
In this paper analysis results of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator are presented for two different rotor eccentricities as well as for asymmetrical arrangement of the permanent magnets on the rotor. In this order to investigate of the cogging torque and electromagnetic torque analyzed for excitation of the initial voltage under supplementary resistance and inductance. Analysis was performed with a use of Maxwell code and transient solution type.
EN
In this paper the influence of some design parameters on the cogging torque development by a surface mounted permanent magnet motor is investigated. The investigation is focused on the implementation of stator core skewing and dummy slots in the stator teeth and their influence on the cogging torque reduction of the motor. The cogging torque is calculated numerically for the different motor solutions by using finite element method analysis.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano badania nad wpływem pewnych parametrów projektowych na rozwój momentów pulsacyjnych powstałych w wyniku zamontowania powierzchniowego magnesu trwałego. Badania skupione są na implementacji rdzenia stojana ze skoszonymi żłobkami i pustymi żłobkami w zębach oraz ich wpływem na redukcję pulsacyjnych momentów w silniku. Moment pulsujący wyznaczany jest numerycznie przy użyciu metody elementów skończonych dla różnych rozwiązań silnika.
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