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PL
W pracy przedstawiono porównanie wybranych metod ekstrakcji cech obrazów dla współspalania pyłu węglowego i biomasy. Zbiór cech dyskryminacyjnych poddano transformacji w celu redukcji wymiarowości oraz grupowania przypadków stabilnego i niestabilnego spalania. Porównano metody: analizę składowych głównych, skalowanie wielowymiarowe oraz analizę czynnikową. Dla każdej z zastosowanych metod redukcji wymiarowości stwierdzono, że analizowane zbiory danych obrazu płomienia trudno jednoznacznie pogrupować na przypadki należące do klasy stabilny i niestabilny. Ponadto za pomocą analizy PCA określono istotność poszczególnych cech obrazu płomienia w reprezentowanym modelu.
EN
This paper presents comparison image future extraction methods of co-firing pulverized coal and biomass. In order to dimension reduction and classify state of process (stable and unstable) discriminant features were transformed. Compared method are: principal components analysis, multidimensional scaling and multivariate analysis. Experimental results show that presented methods for flame image analysis is difficult to be grouped into cases belonging to the class of stable and unstable. Furthermore, significance of the individual characteristics of the flame image in the represented model were obtained by PCA analysis.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono założenia, koncypowanie i wybór rozwiązań technicznych inżynierii energomechanicznej współspalania biomasy. Jednym z ciekawszych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych jest mikronizator biomasy. Mikronizacja materiału następuje pod wpływem oddziaływania trzech współbieżnych procesów: deaglomeracji, densyfikacji i dezintegracji, wywołanych kawitacją i propagacją fal uderzeniowych w wyniku kolizji naddźwiękowych strumieni masy - promieniowego i obwodowego. Przedstawiono także specjalną linię technologiczną precyzyjnego przygotowania biomasy do współspalania.
EN
Assumptions, anticipation and selection of technical solutions of energo-mechanical engineering of biomass co-firing are presented in the paper. One of the most interesting designs is a biomass micronisator. Three concurrent processes such as deagglomeration, densification and disintegration take place in material micronisation. They are a result of cavitation and shock wave propagation during collision of supersonic radial and circumferential mass streams. A special process line for precise preparation of biomass before co-incineration is also described.
PL
Przedstawiono, opracowaną w Oddziale Techniki Cieplnej Instytutu Energetyki metodę, zapewniającą stabilizację ciśnienia pary świeżej podczas zmian mocy bloku energetycznego, wywołanych przesterowaniem zaworów regulacyjnych WP turbiny. Osiągnięto to dzięki powiązaniu układów regulacji: mocy i ciśnienia pary świeżej, odpowiednimi sygnałami sprzęgającymi wypracowanymi w elektrohydraulicznym regulatorze mocy (REH). Metodę wdrożono na blokach współspalających biomasę.
EN
The idea of coordination of boiler and turbine controllers operating in power unit which co-firing biomass-cool has been presented in this paper. Description of configuration of auxiliary signals generated in an electro-hydraulic power controller which enter the boiler automatic control system was given. The operation measurement results of units equipped with the proposed system have been presented.
PL
W referacie opisane zostały instalacje energetyczne współspalające biomasę, i odpady stosowane na świecie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem doświadczeń krajów europejskich. Przedstawione Zostały także nieliczne realizacje takich instalacji w energetyce krajowej. Instalacje współspalajacc w myśl strategii rozwoju energetyki odnawialnej przyjętej przez kraje UE, mogą być także uznane za odnawialne źródła energii elektrycznej. Zaprezentowano różne warianty technologiczne wspólspalania w elektrowniach oraz problemy techniczne związane z wydzieleniem z takiej elektrowni części energii elektrycznej wytworzonej podczas współ spalania biomasy 2 paliwami konwencjonalnymi.
EN
Interest in co-firing of coal with biomass and waste is growing rapidly world-wide. This paper shorly presents the technical status in Europe and Poland. Co-firing of biomass and waste with coal has the potential to contribute towards reduced greenhouse gas emissions through the substitution of non-renewable fossil fuels with renewable biomass and, to a lesser extent, waste materials. Regional and local atmospheric pollutants can also be reduced. One of the barriers to biomass to energy plants is a concern about fuel supply security. A co-firing project always has the ability to continue operation with 100% fossil fuel, whilst the fact that the co-firing instaUation exists should give potential fuel suppliers more confidence in this new market. Technical barriers of co-firing projects based on coal and biomass fiaels primarily depend on the fossil and biomass fiiel characteristics and quantities, and on the combustion technology and anticipated combustion conditions. Most coal combustion technologies have some ability to co-fire other solid fuels, but those of most interest are fluidised beds (FBC), grates, pulverised fuel (PF) and cyclone combustion. The renewables component of co-firing an eligible renewable energy source with fossil fuels will be eligible to receive renewable energy certificates. This paper sets out a methodology to calculate electrical output (in MWh) from renewable fuels when co-fired with coal. The objective is to develop a methodology that a generator can easily apply to biomass co-firing situations to calculate the quantit)' of renewable energy that was produced. To enable the calculations developed to be made, the gross heating value and the moisture content of the fuel must be measured on a regular basis. Taking regular routine samples of the biomass and coal and subjecting them to the appropriate analyses could achieve this end. Power stations normally take daily coal samples and have them analysed on a routine basis, so that extending this sampling to the biomass should not be too onerous.
PL
Referat zawiera krótki opis podstawowych rozwiązań wykorzystujących technologię złoża fluidalnego opracowanych i realizowanych ptxex firm? Foster Wheeler dla potrzeb współ spalania i zgaxowania biomasy oraz innych paliw pochodzenia odpadowego. Przedstawiono zalety poszczególnych rozwiązań jak również czynniki które mogą. wywoływać określone problemy eksploatacyjne. Zamieszczono kilka przykładów instalacji zrealizowanych w skali przemysłowej.
EN
Among the renewable energy sources, biocnergy can by considered one of the possibilities being commercially viable. In many countries and organisations we can sec political will to expand the renewable and in some of them also was evaluated a legal barriers, created new regulations and incentive schemes. Biomass can be generated from forests, can be grown as bioenergy crops or obtained as a byproduct, wastes in different industrial and municipal processes. The key to successful biomass power development is To use mentioned above resources efficiently in modem conversion technologies that maximize the energy production and minimize investment and operating costs. In recent time we can see pressure to increase biomass generation from widen fuel base. Materials such short rotation crops ( willow, etc...) , industry residues, demolition wood, some of the agricultural and municipal wastes, have been added to the fuel mix. It causes new challenge due to their chemical composition and handling difficulties. However experience with recent, different FW projects ( boilers and gasifiers ) has shown that bioenergy can be developed not only in country rich in forests. Recycled biomass materials and agricultural products also can be used on a commercial scale. Now we have three ways for biomass thermal conversion : Direct-fired combustion: involves the oxidation of fuel with excess air, producing hot flue gases witch pro-duce steam in heat exchange sections of boilers (ot hot water). Co-firing : involves replacing a portion of the fossil fuel with biomass at an existing, high efficiency boiler. It is often the least-cost options. Gasification : it is major and the latest element in the development of improved "bio-power" systems. It is a process that converts solid, raw biomass material to a hot, low-calorific, flammable gasses. Among the different technologies the most proper one, for described above fuels is CFR - circulation fluid- ized bed technology. Since end 70's Foster Wheeler has been developing and implementing for industrial applications CHB boilers and gasification systems. Now it is over 370 boilers around the world. The newest solution of the fluidized bed technology is the CFB gasifiers. Its main advantage is that it allows converted biomass and different wastes to gaseous fuel that can be used in conventional boilers and others industrial furnaces in place of expensive fossil fuels. This technology was originally developed in response to fossil fuel prices to save operating costs and the environmental benefits that resulted from reducing waste volumes were seen as a secondary benefit. In the present time, when we arc able to increase wastes portion in biomass mixtures, that secondary benefit seems to be more and more important Gasifiers offer an efficient way to utilize biomass and recycled fuels. The direct gasification of the wet biomass and further co-combustion of this hot, row gases in the existing boilers offers many advantages such as : decreased SO2 and NOx emission, low investment and operation costs and utilization of existing power plant capacity. As the environmental awareness is growing and new legal regulations force use renewable energy sources for generation of electric and thermal power, the CFB gasification technology will meet the challenges of modern world. Foster Wheeler CFB technology is an effective, pcoven and reliable solution for industrial applications.
PL
W referacie przedstawione zostały założenia do systemu gwarancji pochodzenia energii odnawialnej wytwarzanej w instalacjach energetycznych wykorzystujących współspalanic. Omówione zostały uwarunkowania prawne dotyczące wspierania OZE zawarte w dyrektywach UE i polskim prawie energetycznym. Przedstawiony został system zielonych certyfikatów funkcjonujący w Wielkiej Brytanii a także problem akredytacji OZE w Polsce.
EN
The main reasons for the growing international interest in utilising renewable fuels are the objectives of promoting the use of renewable fuels in line with the statements in the Exiropean Commission's White Paper and of meeting emission limits and targets set by the EU directives. Emission allowance trading may also pose new challenges to power producers in the future. It can already be stated with great confidence that power producers will have to cope with an increasing number of EU-level regulations concerning emission levels in general, and especially greenhouse gas emissions. The EU Directive on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market (Directive 2001/77/EC) sets an obligation to Alember States to establish a transparent system aiming to guarantee the origin of renewable electricity and to avoid double-selling. This system is called Guarantee of Origin (GoO). GoO is issued in response to a request and hence it is not compulsory for all production of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E). GoO has to include at least the following information: energy source, specified date of the production, place of the production, the capacity of the plant. The implementation of GoO systems is still ongoing. It is however clear that the system should be structured in a way that promotes the use of renewable energy in electricity production. The most cost-efficient way to realise this target is to create a GoO system that enables trading of the environmental benefit. This could be done by making "GoO certificates" tradable or by using RECS as a trading dimension of the GoO system. RECS could be very useful as a method of certifying production of renewable energy. It is also accost-effective method for monitoring, reporting and verifying. The paper presents some assumptions to the guarantee of origin system for power stations co-firing biomass with coal in Poland.
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