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Individual natural environment features and landscape and tourist values of the Cephalantero rubrae-Fagetum habitat on Wolin Island

Czyryca Paweł, Tylkowski Jacek, Winowski Marcin, Hojan Marcin

Geography and Tourism

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2021

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Vol. 9, No. 1

7--20

EN

The cliffed coast in Wolin National Park is especially valued in terms of biogeography. The coastal area is highly valuable not only in view of the abiotic advantages offered by the natural environment but also due to the presence of valuable plant associations. A coastal orchid beech forest – the Cephalanthero rubrae-Fagetum habitat – is a site that is unique in Poland, in Europe and in the whole world. This plant association is found only on the cliffed coast of Wolin Island in Poland in specific hydrometeorological, morphodynamic and soil conditions. The main aim of this study was a qualitative and quantitative description of the Cephalanthero rubra-Fagetum site, including determining its present range and species composition. In addition, the studied cliffed coast area was evaluated in terms of its visual attractiveness based on the aspects of geodiversity and biodiversity of landscape. Field studies corroborated the outstanding landscape values determining the attractiveness of the study area to tourists. The cliffed coast section, Grodno-Biała Góra, features unique environmental characteristics that are absent from the remaining part of the coastal area of the Baltic. A peculiar characteristic of geodiversity in that zone is the presence of the highest seashore in Poland where natural hydrodynamic and geomorphological processes occur free of human interference. This is the only part of the seashore featuring a unique soil, the so-called cliff naspa, on which orchid birch forests grow. This biodiverse plant community comprised 113 species of vascular plants among which 7 species of Orchidaceae were identified. The landscape values of the studied area of the Wolin National Park are further enhanced by two attractive tourist hiking trails and a vantage point on top of Gosań hill.

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Grawitacyjne ruchy masowe na obszarze Gdyni udokumentowane na dawnych mapach i w źródłach archiwalnych

Małka Anna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

308--317

EN

The article deals with selected examples of old nautical maps (portolans), topographic maps, archival materials of the 19th century German language studies, which are valuable sources of information on the history of landslide processes. The city of Gdynia was founded in 1926, and its location despite very unfavourable formation of mass movements, was determined by economic and political reasons. As documented on nautical maps from 1596, landslides have been occurring in the coastal zone of today’s Gdynia since at least the 16th century. Within the limits of the zone, the oldest structural damage has been observed. The Urmesstischblätter map from 1837 documented damage to the redoubt in Cypel Oksywski. These fortifications, which were erected during Napoleonic Wars between 1810 and 1812, were completely rouined in the first half of the 19th century. It was the first time when mass movement resulted in financial losses in Poland’s coastal zones. Compared with the present, the 19th century saw an increase in mass movement activation in coastal zones. Between 1837 and 1909 the maximal changes in Cypel Oksywski were 2.2 m a year. The landslide in Cypel Oksywski is also the first stabilized landslide within the city limits of Gdynia. It also has the longest history of stabilizing efforts that go back to 1909. This article shows, based on the study of a landslide in Wielki Kackfrom 1930, that in the development of the city of Gdynia virtually from the beginning of its foundation in 1926, man-made dangerous gravitational processes have always been present.

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Naturalne i antropogeniczne przyczyny powstawania i reaktywacji ruchów masowych na obszarze miejskim Gdyni oraz związane z nimi zagrożenia

Małka A., Frydel J., Jurys L.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2017

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nr 470

63--80

PL

W artykule przedstawiono na wybranych przykładach analizę naturalnych i antropogenicznych uwarunkowań rozwoju ruchów masowych na obszarze miejskim Gdyni. Przedmiotem badań były rozległe zespoły osuwisk klifowych w Babich Dołach oraz na Cyplu Oksywskim i Cyplu Redłowskim o powierzchniach przekraczających 4 ha. Obszarowo są to formy dominujące, ponieważ zajmują ponad 60% powierzchni wszystkich gdyńskich osuwisk. Analizą objęto również niewielkie osuwiska (o powierzchni mniejszej niż 0,1 ha) o genezie antropogenicznej położone na obszarze miejskim. Ilościowo jest ich najwięcej. Współcześnie najbardziej aktywnym pod względem ruchów masowych brzegiem klifowym Zatoki Gdańskiej jest Cypel Redłowski. Tempo cofania wybrzeża klifowego, obliczone za pomocą naziemnego skaningu laserowego (TLS) na podstawie serii danych z lat 2010–2015, wynosi od 0 do blisko 5 m, czyli maksymalnie dochodzi do 1 m na rok. Natomiast średnie tempo erozji w latach 2010–2015 wyznaczone w odniesieniu do przebiegu górnej krawędzi Cypla Redłowskiego na odcinku pomiędzy 81,45 a 81,55 km linii brzegowej było równe 0,23 m na rok. Dla porównania, w przeszłości tempo cofania Cypla Oksywskiego charakteryzowało się większą intensywnością. Na początku XIX w. osuwisko na Cyplu Oksywskim miało katastrofalny przebieg i spowodowało całkowite zniszczenie posadowionych tam fortyfikacji. Od ponad stu lat jest ono chronione przed abrazją morską za pomocą opaski brzegowej. Osuwiska klifowe są inicjowane przez procesy abrazji morskiej, na które największy wpływ mają sztormy. Ważnym impulsem sprawczym dla ruchów masowych występujących w Gdyni są również nawalne opady deszczu o sumie dobowej przekraczającej 100 mm. Do opadów takich doszło w Gdyni w 2016 r., obserwowano wówczas wzmożone ruchy osuwiskowe, które spowodowały znaczne straty materialne.

EN

Large group of the natural coastal landslides in the area of Gdynia (Babie Doły, Oksywie and Redłowo) are dominant and cover an area of about 4 ha (i.e. 60% of the area studied). The anthropogenic landslides, on the other hand, are more numerous but not bigger than 0.1 ha and occur within the town area. Cypel Redłowski is the most active cliff of the Bay of Gdańsk. There the erosion causes significant retreat of the coastline. The pace of that backward movement calculated by means of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), between years 2010 and 2015 was between 0 to almost 5 metres. During the same time the Cypel Redłowski retreated from 81.45 to 81.55 km, i.e. at a pace of 0.23 metres a year. The pace of retreat in the Cypel Oksywski was even faster in the past. There the active landslides caused total damage of the fortifications built at the beginning of the 19th century. Prevention against landslides caused by the marine erosion has been applied for over a hundred years now. The marine erosion is the most significant trigger of the coastal landslides. The intensity of the erosion depends on the frequency of storms. Heavy rains exceeding 100.0 mm per 24 hours also trigger mass movements in the Gdynia area. Such event took place in Gdynia in 2016. At that time a landslide movement causing extensive damage was recorded.