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Dry single-stage method of sodium tripolyphosphate production – technological and economic assessment

Gorazda K., Kowalski Z., Kijkowska R., Pawłowska-Kozińska D., Wzorek Z., Banach M., Nowak A. K.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

2014

Vol. 16, nr 1

41--44

The study presents a technology of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) production with the use of a dry, single-stage method. The reacting substrates (concentrated wet-process phosphoric acid - WPPA and solid Na2CO3 ) are mixed with a recycled final product (STPP) in a mixer, then a „quasi-dry” mixture is calcined in a rotary kiln. Thanks to that, some stages of a classic method of STPP production are eliminated: one of the two-stage neutralization of the phosphoric acid with sodium carbonate at temperature ~80°C, filtration of the neutralised solution and its evaporation, as well as the stage of drying a solution of mono- and di-sodium orthophosphate in a spray dryer. According to the presented technical and economical analysis, the costs of STPP production using a single-stage dry method can be 10% lower compared to the classic method.

Dobór obserwacji klasycznych i GPS w sieci geodezyjnej z wykorzystaniem optymalizacji zero-jedynkowej

Lisiewicz S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska

1998

z. 29 [166], T.1

259-268

The work proposes such a way of observation disposition in geodetic network, in which at minimum cost measurement performance, demands concerning accuracy and reliability of the examined network are accomplished. Measurements of astronomical azimuths, sides, angles and GPS were examined. To search of minimum the method of zero-one optimization of Lawer and Bell was used. For proposed way of disposition of observation the computer system OPTY97 was elaborated. The proposed method of observation disposition was illustrated on example of Refe network.