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1

Sliding of spherical ball on solid lubricating coating combined with wear process

Białas Marcin, Maciejewski Jan, Kucharski Stanisław

Welding Technology Review

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2021

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R. 93, nr 1

39--50

EN

In present paper we show results of ball-on-disk wear experiment of MoS2 film deposited on Ti6Al4V substrate. The ball material is aluminium oxide. The tests are performed for different surrounding temperature conditions: 20°C, 200°C and 350°C. It is shown that depth of the wear groove increases with increasing surrounding temperature. A finite element modelling approach is next developed to mimic the experimental observations of ball-on-disk wear process. It is based on the assumption of steady state condition developed during short time scale at contact region. The steady state results can next be applied to long time scale in which wear process is numerically simulated. Model results are compared with experimentally obtained wear groove and show satisfactory agreement.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki testu zużycia powłoki samosmarującej MoS2 nałożonej na podłoże wykonane z materiału Ti6AI4V. Powłoka obciążona jest kulką szafirową w ruchu rotacyjnym. Badania wykonano w trzech różnych temperaturach otoczenia: 20°C, 200°C oraz 350°C. Wykazano, że głębokość rowka zużyciowego wzrasta wraz ze wzrostem temperatury otoczenia. Zaproponowano model metody elementów skończonych za pomocą którego zasymulowany został proces zużycia warstwy. Punktem wyjścia dla tej części pracy było założenie stanu ustalonego, powstającego w obszarze kontaktu pomiędzy kulą a warstwą. Warunki odpowiadające temu stanowi przyjęto do matematycznego opisu procesu zużycia z wykorzystaniem równań Archarda. Na zakończenie eksperymentalny profil zużycia porównany został z wynikami otrzymanymi metodą elementów skończonych.

2

Determination of the structural state and stability of the laser crystallized Cd1-xМnxTe crystal surface

Strebezhev Victor, Yuriychuk Ivan, Fochuk Petro, Nichyi Sergiy, Dobrovolsky Yuriy, Tkachuk Victoria, Sorokatyi Mykola, Sorokatyi Yurii

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2020

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T. 10, nr 1

40--43

EN

The modified surface layers of the Cd1-xМnxTe crystals were obtained by the laser recrystallization of the crystal surface with the use of millisecond and nanosecond impulse ruby lasers. The determination and diagnostics of the layer structural state were performed by the study of the electron channeling patterns in the SEM. The AFM studies showed that mechanically stable contact regions within the CdTe crystal –Cu film system can be formed, depending on the laser energy density and beam defocusing. On the base of the ellipsometric studies, it was found that while irradiating the Cd1-xМnxTe crystal surface, the refractive index of the oxide film on the modified surface changes depending on the laser beam energy density, which can be interpreted as the formation of the oxides of the different chemical composition.

PL

Zmodyfikowane warstwy wierzchnie kryształów Cd1-xМnxTezostały uzyskane metodą laserowej rekrystalizacji powierzchni kryształu przy wykorzystaniu impulsów milisekundowychi nanosekundowychlaserów rubinowych. Określenie i diagnostyka strukturalnej postaci powierzchni zostały wykonane metodą badania struktury kanałów elektronu SEM. Badania AFM wykazały,że mogą zostać wytworzoneobszary mechanicznie stabilnego obszaru kontaktowego kryształ CdTe –powłoka Cu,w zależności od skupienia energii laserowejoraz zdekoncentrowania wiązki. Na podstawie pomiarów elipsometrycznychodkryto,że podczas napromieniowywania powierzchni kryształu Cd1-xМnxTe, wskaźnik refrakcyjny powłoki tlenku na powierzchni zmodyfikowanej ulega zmianie w zależności od skupienia energii wiązki laserowej, co może być interpretowane,jako powstawanie tlenków o różnym składzie chemicznym.

3

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and thin films deposited by an atomization method

Machalska G., Noworolnik M., Szindler M., Sitek W., Babilas R.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 100, nr 1/2

34--41

EN

Purpose: The article presents the results of research on titanium dioxide synthesized by a sol-gel method that is an easy process enabling the control of the shape and size of particles The purpose of this article is to examine titanium dioxide nanoparticles and thin films deposited by an atomization method. Design/methodology/approach: Titanium dioxide sol was synthesized by using titanium isopropoxide as a precursor. Optical properties were measured by a UV-Vis spectrometer. Structural studies were performed by Raman spectroscopy. Qualitative analysis was performed by the EDS. Surface morphology of nanoparticles and thin films was performed by the SEM technique. Findings: The sol-gel method allows the formation of uniform nanoparticles and thin films of titanium dioxide. The atomization method is a successful method for the deposition of sol to the surface of substrates. Research limitations/implications: The next step in the research will be to investigate the obtained thin films in dye-sensitized solar cells as a semiconductive layer. Practical implications: Unique properties of produced titanium dioxide nanostructural materials have caused the interest in them in such fields as optoelectronics, photovoltaics, medicine and decorative coatings. Originality/value: Titanium dioxide thin films and nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method and then deposited by the atomization method.

4

An original technique for modeling of anisotropic viscoelasticity of orthotropic materials in finite element codes applied to the mechanics of plates and shells

Martynenko V. G.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 21, nr 2

389--413

EN

The paper presents an original technique for the numerical modeling of temperature dependent anisotropic viscoelastic properties in finite element codes. The study relates to the use of ANSYS Mechanical Student Products 17.2 code, but also is applicable to the other structural finite element codes. The solved one- and two-dimensional problems illustrate a possibility of an adaptation of the proposed combined-material model to the solution of model problems with a sufficient accuracy in comparison with the developed analytical solutions. An estimation of the performance of the technique shows its applicability to solution of the contact problems of orthotropic viscoelasticity of thin shells including multilayered options. The performed practical application of the method to the contact problem of cylindrical shell prove this point.

5

Surface morphology and optical properties of Al₂O₃ thin films deposited by ALD method

Dobrzański L. A., Szindler M., Szindler M.M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 73, nr 1

18--24

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the results of investigations on the changes in surface morphology, roughness, and thickness of the prepared aluminium oxide thin films as dependent on conditions of the thin films preparation. Design/methodology/approach: Thin films have been prepared with use of atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. The changes of surface morphology have been observed in topographic images performed with the atomic force microscope (AFM). Obtained roughness parameters have been calculated with XEI Park Systems software. The thickness distribution have been measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry. The optical transmission spectra have been measured with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Findings: Results and their analysis show that the atomic layer deposition method allows the deposition of homogenous thin films of Al2O3 with the desired geometric characteristics and good optical properties. Practical implications: The technology of atomic layer deposition of aluminium oxide thin films causes that mentioned thin films are good potential material for optics, optoelectronics and photovoltaics. Originality/value: The paper presents results of investigations on aluminum oxide thin films prepared with atomic layer deposition method on glass substrate.

6

Friction reduction and improvement of the scuffing resistance of spiral bevel gears by a low-friction coating

Kalbarczyk M., Tuszyński W., Esparza Lastra M. A., Wulczyński J., Mydlarz J., Kiser B.

Tribologia

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2014

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nr 2

67--77

EN

There are many problems in the operation of spiral bevel gears; for example difficult lubrication conditions and high friction between meshing teeth leads to excessively high oil temperature and the risk of scuffing. Thus, the aim of this work was to check whether by the deposition of a thin, hard, low-friction coating on the teeth flanks of spiral bevel gears it is possible to reduce friction and improve scuffing resistance. The tribological experiments were carried out using two tribotesters: T-02U Four-ball testing machine and T-30 Bevel gear test rig. Two types of thin, low-friction coatings were tested. The first one was a-C:H:W. The other one was MoS2/Ti. The coatings were deposited on one or more tested samples (test balls and bevel gears), so the four material combinations were obtained: steel-steel, coating-steel, steel-coating, and coating-coating. For lubrication a commercial, mineral automotive gear oil of the API GL-5 performance level and 80W-90 viscosity grade was used. The results of the four-ball tests show that the a-C:H:W coating deposited on the teeth flanks is much more effective in friction reduction than MoS2/Ti. The deposition of the a-C:H:W coating on the teeth of the spiral bevel gears proves to be very helpful in reducing friction between the meshing gears. The combination of the a-C:H:W-coated pinion meshing the uncoated wheel is the most efficient. Concerning the improvement of the scuffing resistance, two material combinations are the most effective: a-C:H:W-coated pinion meshing the uncoated wheel and the both gears coated.

PL

Istnieje wiele problemów związanych z eksploatacją kół zębatych stożkowych o zębach łukowych, np. trudne warunki smarowania i wysokie tarcie w zazębieniu, prowadzące do zbyt wysokiej temperatury oleju i pojawienia się ryzyka zacierania. Celem prac było zatem stwierdzenie, czy poprzez osadzenie cienkiej, twardej powłoki niskotarciowej na zębach kół stożkowych możliwa jest redukcja tarcia oraz poprawa odporności na zacieranie. Do badań tribologicznych użyto uniwersalnego aparatu czterokulowego T-02U oraz urządzenia T-30 do badań kół zębatych stożkowych. Przebadano dwie cienkie powłoki niskotarciowe: a-C:H:W oraz MoS2/Ti. Zostały one osadzone na jednym bądź więcej elementach testowych (kulki łożyskowe, koła zębate), uzyskując cztery kombinacje materiałowe: stal-stal, powłoka-stal, stal-powłoka i powłoka-powłoka. Do smarowania użyto handlowego, samochodowego oleju przekładniowego klasy jakościowej API GL-5 i lepkościowej 80W-90, z bazą mineralną. Wyniki badań czterokulowych pokazały, że naniesiona na zęby koła powłoka a-C:H:W jest znacznie bardziej efektywna w redukcji tarcia niż MoS2/Ti. Wyniki badań przekładniowych wykazały, że powłoka a-C:H:W wykazuje skuteczność w redukcji tarcia także kół zębatych stożkowych o zębach lukowych. Najlepsze rezultaty uzyskano dla kombinacji materiałowej pokrytego powłoką zębnika współpracującego z niepokrytym kołem talerzowym. W przypadku odporności na zacieranie najlepsze wyniki uzyskano dla dwóch kombinacji materiałowych: pokryty powłoką zębnik współpracujący z niepokrytym kołem talerzowym oraz oba koła pokryte powłoką.

7

Polyimide Dielectric Layer on Filaments for Organic Field Effect Transistors: Choice of Solvent, Solution Composition and Dip-Coating Speed

Rambausek L., Bruneel E., De Mey G., Van Langenhove L.

Autex Research Journal

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2014

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Vol. 14, no. 3

121-134

EN

In today’s research, smart textiles is an established topic in both electronics and the textile fields. The concept of producing microelectronics directly on a textile substrate is not a mere idea anymore and several research institutes are working on its realisation. Microelectronics like organic field effect transistor (OFET) can be manufactured with a layered architecture. The production techniques used for this purpose can also be applied on textile substrates. Besides gate, active and contact layers, the isolating or dielectric layer is of high importance in the OFET architecture. Therefore, generating a high quality dielectric layer that is of low roughness and insulating at the same time is one of the fundamental requirements in building microelectronics on textile surfaces. To evaluate its potential, we have studied polyimide as a dielectric layer, dip-coated onto copper-coated polyester filaments. Accordingly, the copper-coated polyester filament was dip-coated from a polyimide solution with two different solvents, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethylformaldehyde. A variety of dip-coating speeds, solution concentrations and solvent-solute combinations have been tested. Their effect on the quality of the layer was analysed through microscopy, leak current measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Polyimide dip-coating with polyimide resin dissolved in NMP at a concentration of 15w% in combination with a dip-coating speed of 50 mm/min led to the best results in electrical insulation and roughness. By optimising the dielectric layer’s properties, the way is paved for applying the subsequent semi-conductive layer. In further research, we will be working with the organic semiconductor material TIPS-Pentacene.

8

An investigation on the mechanical properties of the hard chromium layer deposited by brush plating process on AISI H13 steel

Aydin Z., Aldic G., Cimenoglu H.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 65, nr 2

87--92

EN

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the potentiality of brush chromium plating process to replace conventional hard chromium plating. Design/methodology/approach: In this study brush chromium plating was applied over a H13 quality tool steel. Electron microscopy examinations and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted in order to reveal the structural features of the coatings. Mechanical properties of the coatings were determined by hardness measurements and wear tests. Wear tests were conducted at room temperature and 500°C. Findings: Brush chromium plating, which is an environmental friendly alternative for conventional chromium plating, has potentiality to enhance wear resistance of steels. Research limitations/implications: Brush chromium plating process has good potential to replace hexavalent chromium. Further studies should focus on effect of electro-chemical parameters on structural properties of trivalent based hard chromium deposit by brush plating process. Originality/value: There have been significant researches on replacement of hexavalent based hard chromium plating in literature. Replacement by brush plating process with trivalent chromium containing electrolyte has been scarcely investigated especially for utilization in wear related applications at elevated temperatures.

9

TEM microstructure investigations of aluminium alloys used as coating substrate

Tański T., Labisz K., Dobrzański L.A., Wiśniowski M., Matysiak W.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 59, nr 2

82--92

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper was investigated structure and properties of gradient coatings produced in PVD process on AlSi9Cu aluminium alloys. Design/methodology/approach: The following results concern the structures of the substrates and coatings with the application of electron transmission and scanning microscopy; phase composition of the coatings using X-ray diffraction and grazing incident X-ray diffraction technique (GIXRD); microhardness and wear resistance. Findings: The deposited coatings are characterized by a single, double, or multi-layer structure according to the applied layers system, and the individual layers are coated even and tightly adhere to the substrate as well to each other. The analysis of coatings obtained on the surface of cast aluminium alloys by the PVD processes show a clear - over 100% - increase of the microhardness, compared to the base material microhardness. Practical implications: Achieving of new operational and functional characteristics and properties of commonly used materials, including the Al-Si-Cu alloys is often obtained by heat treatment, ie, precipitation hardening and/or surface treatment due to application or manufacturing of machined surface layer coatings of materials in a given group of materials used for different surface engineering processes. Originality/value: The paper presents the research involving the PVD coatings obtained on an unconventional substrate such as aluminium alloys. Contemporary materials should possess high mechanical properties, physical and chemical, as well as technological ones, to ensure long and reliable use. The above mentioned requirements and expectations regarding the contemporary materials are met by the non-ferrous metals alloys used nowadays, including the aluminium alloys.

10

Structural investigation and wear resistance of CrAlSiN+DLC coating obtained by hybrid PVD/PACVD process

Lukaszkowicz K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 62, nr 2

87--92

EN

Purpose: The main aim of the this research was the investigation of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the CrAlSiN+DLC coating deposited by hybrid PVD/PACVD process onto the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel substrate. Design/methodology/approach: The microstructure of the investigated coating was observed on the scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. A friction coefficient and the wear of coatings were determined in a test according to the ball-on-disk method. Findings: It was found that the microstructure of the nanocrystalline CrAlSiN layer consisted of fine crystallites, while their average size fitted within the range of 5-10 nm. The low-friction DLC show an amorphous character. The coating demonstrated a good adhesion to the substrate. The values of the critical load LC1 and LC2 of investigation coating account for, respectively, 36 and 76 N. In sliding dry friction conditions, after the break-in time, the friction coefficient for the investigated elements is set in the range between 0.03-0.05. The investigated coatings reveals high wear resistance. Practical implications: Economically efficient process improvement, increased production efficiency and quality and products reliability through increased durability and unfailing operation time of tools for plastic formation of non-ferrous metals and improved usable properties shall guarantee measurable economic effects to the manufacturers and users of the products. Moreover, it will enhance their competitiveness both on the domestic and overseas markets. Originality/value: The Author’s original approach was the development of a double-layer coating within one process. Such coating consists of the internal hard PVD layer providing the appropriate hardness, strength, low thermal conductivity and restricting the impact of external factors on the wear process and the external low-friction layer providing good tribological properties.

11

Hybrid surface layers, made by nitriding with DLC coating, for application in machine parts regeneration

Kula P., Dybowski K., Lipa S., Batory D., Sawicki J., Wołowiec E., Klimek L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 60, nr 1

32--37

EN

Purpose: The article presents a concept of a hybrid layer, consisting of a gradient layer and anti-wear coat, intended for machine parts regeneration. Design/methodology/approach: The essence of method lies in the use of universal replacement material and its surface processing, which increases the hardness of the part that is being regenerated. The study was conducted on a material covered with a layer made of vacuum-nitraded padding weld of 17CrNi6-6, followed by an anti-wear DCL carbon coat. The morphology of thus created layers and their wear strength has been examined and their utility value has been evaluated. Findings: The hybrid layers under study have been found to improve the machine parts strength, while at the same time reducing frictional resistance, reducing the adhesion forces of the elements in contact and improving the corrosion resistance. Research limitations/implications: The method provides for making use of a versatile restoration material, which subsequently enables application of specific surface processing to improve the durability of the part being regenerated. Practical implications: It is a new concept of a hybrid layer, intended for machine parts regeneration.

12

Badania wpływu budowy i modyfikacji powierzchni na właściwości tribologiczne powłok ditlenku tytanu otrzymywanych metodą zol-żel

Piwoński I.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Rozprawy Naukowe / Politechnika Łódzka

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2012

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Z. 433

1--198

PL

Struktura niniejszej rozprawy habilitacyjnej jest oparta na trzech częściach. Pierwsza z nich przedstawia przegląd dostępnej literatury dotyczącej właściwości tribologicznych powłok ditlenku tytanu. Druga część przedstawia najważniejsze osiągnięcia autora na polu badań tribologicznych cienkich powłok ditlenku tytanu otrzymywanych metodą zol-żel. Łącznikiem między nimi jest zwięzły opis przygotowania powłok, metod ich modyfikacji i zastosowanych technik eksperymentalnych. Przeprowadzony przegląd literatury pozwolił na wysunięcie wniosku, że właściwości tribologiczne ditlenku tytanu, materiału powszechnie stosowanego jako składnik nowoczesnych materiałów, nie zostały dostatecznie poznane. Pomimo rosnącej liczby publikacji dotyczących ditlenku tytanu stosunkowo mało z nich dotyczy ich właściwości tarciowych. Praca którą trzymacie Państwo w rękach wypełnia tę lukę. Jednocześnie praca ta stanowi wkład w pogłębienie wiedzy o właściwościach tribologicznych powłok ditlenku tytanu otrzymywanych metodą zol-żel. Celem pracy było zbadanie czynników wpływających na właściwości tribologiczne powłok ditlenku tytanu wytwarzanych na płytkach krzemowych z zastosowaniem metody zol-żel. Metoda ta pozwala na optymalizację i przygotowanie powłok ditlenku tytanu w powtarzalny sposób o ustalonych właściwościach. Należy podkreślić, że testy tarciowe prowadzono na mikrotribometrze - aparacie pracującym w zakresie obciążeń miliniutonów. Był on specjalnie zaprojektowany i zbudowany do badań tribologicznych cienkich powłok ceramicznych. Ten innowacyjny aparat powstał wg projektu dr. hab. Grzegorza Celichowskiego z Katedry Technologii i Chemii Materiałów Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego oraz został skonstruowany we współpracy z Instytutem Technologii Eksploatacji w Radomiu. Topografię oraz fizykochemiczne właściwości powłok były także charakteryzowane z zastosowaniem takich technik jak mikroskopia sił atomowych (AFM), spektroskopia w podczerwieni, mikroskopia optyczna i inne techniki. W części eksperymentalnej przedstawiono charakterystykę tribologiczną powłok ditlenku tytanu o grubości do 100 nm. Przedyskutowano wpływ temperatury wygrzewania powłok na ich strukturę i właściwości tribologiczne. Powłoki wygrzewano w 100°C, 500°C i 1000°C. W wyniku wygrzewania powstaje odpowiednio materiał amorficzny oraz tworzą się fazy anatazu i rutylu. Najniższy współczynnik tarcia technicznie suchego zarejestrowany dla styku tarciowego: powłoka zbudowana z rutylu - kulka cyrkonowa, wynosił około μ = 0,2. Jest to mniej niż w przypadku powłok wygrzewanych w temperaturze 100°C i 500°C. Powłoki wygrzewane w 1000°C wykazują również bardzo dobrą odporność na zużycie. Dobre właściwości tribologiczne powłok wygrzewanych w 500°C i 1000°C wynikają z powstawania twardych faz anatazu i rutylu oraz zwiększonej adhezji powłoki do podłoża. Następnie przebadano wpływ porowatości powłok na ich zużycie w testach tarciowych. Wykazano, że powłoki porowate wykazują znacznie mniejszą odporność na zużycie ścierne niż powłoki nieporowate. Powłoki porowate charakteryzują się także znaczną chropowatością powierzchni. Pomiary wykonane w skali nano i mikro wykazały, że wzrost chropowatości powierzchni pociąga za sobą wyższe wartości współczynnika tarcia. Badania zaprezentowane w tej pracy wykazały, że odporność na zużycie może być wzmocniona przez zastosowanie niejonowych środków powierzchniowo czynnych lub kopolimerów blokowych, zamiast środków powierzchniowo czynnych jonowych, w połączeniu z wygrzewaniem w wysokich temperaturach, tj. do 1000°C. W celu polepszenia właściwości tribologicznych powłok ditlenku tytanu wytwarzanych metodą zol-żel, zastosowano twardą fazę nanoceramiczną ZrO2. Powstałe kompozyty zbudowane z nanocząstek ditlenku cyrkonu w osnowie ditlenku tytanu wytwarzane były na płytkach krzemowych metodami przez zanurzanie i przez pokrywanie odśrodkowe oraz wygrzewane w 100°C, 500°C i 1000°C. Wykazano, że obecność nanocząstek ditlenku cyrkonu umiarkowanie obniża współczynnik tarcia tylko dla powłok wygrzewanych w 500°C w stosunku do powłok bez nanocząstek. W wyniku obecności nanocząstek obserwuje się natomiast znaczne zmniejszenie zużycia powłok. W szczególności powłoki wytworzone metodą przez pokrywanie odśrodkowe wykazywały wysoką odporność na zużycie. Obniżenie zużycia jest spowodowane wzrostem twardości powłoki oraz zmniejszeniem rzeczywistej powierzchni styku na szczytach nierówności, powodujące osłabienie oddziaływań adhezyjnych. Ostatnia część pracy poświęcona jest metodom obniżenia tarcia i zużycia poprzez modyfikację powierzchni. Po raz pierwszy zastosowano sole cynkowe dialkiloditiofosforanów (ZDTP) oraz wolne kwasy dialkiloditiofosforowe jako modyfikatory tarcia powłok ditlenku tytanu otrzymanych metodą zol-żel. Stosując te modyfikatory możliwe było obniżenie współczynnika tarcia z μ = 0,2 do μ = 0,05. Wartości te zarejestrowano odpowiednio dla powłoki ditlenku tytanu zbudowanej z rutylu i dla tej samej powłoki zmodyfikowanej kwasem di(tetradecylo-) ditiofosforowym nakładanym metodą przez zanurzanie. Analiza AFM topografii powierzchni po modyfikacji wykazała różne struktury cząsteczek ZDTP i HDTP na powierzchni w zależności od długości łańcucha alkilowego i metody nakładania. Topografie uzyskane techniką AFM wskazały również na występowanie warstw reakcyjnych kwasów HDTP na powierzchni powłoki ditlenku tytanu. Efekt ten nie jest obserwowany w przypadku cząsteczek ZDTP, które tworzą warstwy adsorpcyjne. Oprócz pochodnych dialkiloditiofosforowych badano również wpływ modyfikacji fluoroalkilosilanami na hydrofobowość powierzchni i swobodną energię powierzchniową. Pomiary wykonane w nanoskali z zastosowaniem AFM wykazały obniżenie tarcia na powłokach zmodyfikowanych fluoroalkilosilanami. Charakteryzowały się one także niższą, w stosunku do powłok niemodyfikowanych, swobodną energią powierzchniową. Nowym aspektem tej części pracy było zastosowanie dialkiloditiofosforanów mających w budowie cząsteczki łańcuchy poli(oksyetylenowe) oraz bezpośredniej polimeryzacji tlenku etylenu na powierzchni, jako modyfikatory tarcia powłok ditlenku tytanu. Ten rodzaj modyfikatorów stosowany jest w celu zwiększenia biozgodności implantów. Natomiast ich zachowanie jako modyfikatory tarcia na powłokach ditlenku tytanu opisano w tej pracy. Należy podkreślić, że większa część przytoczonych badań są to badania nowe i/lub rozszerzone. Nie były dotąd publikowane przez innych w literaturze.

EN

The structure of this work is based on three parts. The first part covers the review of the literature available today, related to the issues concerning the tribological properties of titanium dioxide coatings. The second part illustrates the most important achievements of the author in the field of the tribology of the thin titanium dioxide sol-gel coatings. The link between these two parts is a concise description of the coatings preparation, methods of their modification and applied experimental techniques. The review of the literature allowed to establish that tribological properties of titanium dioxide coatings, commonly used as a component of the modern materials, has not been fully characterized yet. In spite of the growing number of publications concerning the titanium dioxide, relatively small number of them concern its frictional properties. The work which you have in your hands fills in this gap. Simultaneously, this work constitutes a contribution in extending knowledge about the tribological properties of the thin titania sol-gel coatings. The aim of this work was investigation of the factors which influence the tribological properties of the titanium dioxide coatings deposited on silicon wafers using sol-gel method. This method enables optimization of the titanium dioxide coatings preparation, having easily achievable established properties, in the repeatable manner. It should be highlighted that frictional tests were conducted on the microtribometer - the apparatus operating in mN normal load range. It was especially designed and constructed for tribological investigation of the thin ceramic coatings. This innovative apparatus was designed according to the project presented by Prof. Grzegorz Celichowski from the Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry at the University of Lodz and constructed in cooperation with the Institute for Sustainable Technologies in Radom (Poland). The topography and physicochemical nature of coatings were also characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR), optical microscopy and other techniques. In experimental part the tribological characterization of the titanium dioxide coatings having thickness up to 100 nm was presented. The influence of the annealing temperature on the structure and the tribological properties was discussed. Coatings were annealed at 100°C, 500°C and 1000°C. As the result amorphous, anatase or rutile structures were obtained. The lowest coefficient of friction recorded on the microtribometer for these coatings, between rutile coating and zirconia ball, was on the level of μ = 0.2. It is low than in the case of coating annealed at 100°C and 500°C. Coatings annealed at 1000°C exhibited also very good wear resistance. Good tribological performance of the coatings annealed at 500°C and 1000°C is caused by the presence of hard crystalline phases (anatase, rutile) and enhanced adhesion to the substrate. Next, the effect of the porosity on the wear behavior in frictional tests was verified. It was found, that porous coatings exhibit very low wear performance than nonporous ones. Porous coatings exhibit also high roughness. Measurements performed in nano and micro scale revealed that the increase of the surface roughness causes higher coefficient of friction values. Investigations presented in this work demonstrate, that the wear resistance can be improved by application, on the preparation step, nonionic surfactants or block copolymers at low concentrations, instead of ionic surfactants combined with annealing at high temperatures up to 1000°C. In order to improve the tribological properties of titanium dioxide solgel coatings, hard zirconia nanoparticles were applied. Resulted composites, built of zirconia nanoparticles embedded in titanium dioxide matrix, were deposited on silicon wafers with the use of dip-coating or spin-coating methods and annealed at 100°C, 500°C and 1000°C. It was found that the presence of the zirconia nanoparticles moderately decreases the coefficient of friction. Slightly lower values of the coefficient of friction compared to pure titania coatings were recorded only for coatings annealed at 500°C. However, significant improvement in wear decrease was observed, due to the presence of hard zirconia nanophase. In particular, coatings deposited with the use of the spincoating method exhibited excellent wear performance. Reduction of the wear is caused by the increase of hardness of the coating and lowering of the real area of contact at the top of the asperities causing lower adhesive interactions.

13

Microstructure and kinetic growth of aluminide coatings deposited by the CVD method on Re 80 superalloy

Nowotnik A., Sieniawski J., Góral M., Pytel M., Dychton K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 55, nr 1

22-28

EN

Purpose: The preliminary results of research on forming the aluminide coatings using CVD method were presented in the article. Design/methodology/approach: The coatings were obtained in low activity process on the surface of Rene 80 superalloy. The microstructure analysis and chemical composition analysis were performed applying different values of aluminizing process parameters. Findings: The authors present in the article the results of oxidation resistance analysis of aluminide coatings which were obtained on the surface of Rene 80 superalloy using various techniques. Research limitations/implications: The research results revealed the possibility of obtaining coatings by low activity aluminizing. Practical implications: This process can be used in aerospace industry to form oxidation resistant coatings. Originality/value: It was shown that the coating created during the CVD process was characterized by a good oxidation resistance at the temperature of 1100°C.

14

Structure and properties of multicomponent coatings deposited onto sialon tool ceramics

Pakuła D.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 52, nr 1

54-60

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate structure, mechanical and functional properties of sialon tool ceramics with wear resistant multicomponent coatings deposited with PVD method. Design/methodology/approach: The structural investigation includes the metallographic analysis on the scanning electron microscope. Examinations of the chemical compositions of the deposited coatings were carried out using the X-ray energy dispersive spectrograph EDS, and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscope GDOS. The investigation includes also analysis of the mechanical and functional properties of the material: microhardness tests of the deposited coatings, surface roughness tests, evaluation of the adhesion of the deposited coatings and tribological test made with the "pin-on-disk". Findings: Deposition of the multicomponent coatings with the PVD method, on tools made from sialon's ceramics, results in the increase of mechanical properties in comparison with uncoated tool materials, deciding thus the improvement of their working properties. Practical implications: The multicomponent coating carried out on multi point inserts (made on sintered sialon's ceramics) can be used in the pro-ecological dry cutting processes without using cutting fluids. However, application of this coating to cover sialon ceramics demands still both elaborating and improvement adhesion to substrates in order to introduce these to industrial applications. Originality/value: The paper presents some researches of multicomponent coatings deposited by PVD method on sialon tool ceramics.

15

Comparative analysis of wear mechanism of different types of forging dies

Mazurkiewicz A., Smolik J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 49, nr 1

40-45

EN

Purpose: Hot working dies are influenced by three main factors causing their destruction: the cyclically changeable mechanical loads, intensive thermal shocks, as well as intensive friction, and erosion. The great variety of the shapes of forgings, the material they are made of (carbon steel, alloy steel, brass) and the precision of their production – whether they are supposed to undergo further treatment or are considered to be the final products – result in a variety of problems encountered in the production process. In this paper the wear mechanisms of different types of forging dies, covered by the composite layer “nitride layer / PVD coating” were analysed. Design/methodology/approach: In order to estimate the influence of the different shapes of forgings for their wear mechanism, it was decided to that maintenance tests on two series of tools with different shapes made of DIN 1.2344 steel, coated with composite layer “nitrided layer/CrN coating” needed to be taken. The first one was designed for production of gears pre-forging and the second one was designed for the production of steel synchronizer rings. Findings: The abrasive wear together with thermal-mechanical fatigue and plastic strain is a crucial factor of the process of wearing of forging dies for the production of forgings with high dimensional accuracy and not subject to further mechanical treatment. The variety of the shapes of the forging and the precision with which it is made have strong influence on the intensity of the abrasive wear of forging dies. Research limitations/implications: To ensure higher effectiveness of the application of hybrid technologies of surface treatment for the increase of the durability of forging dies, the complex analysis of the influence of such various aspects of the forging process as: surface treatment, the shape of the die and the cooling and lubricating system are necessary on the development of a new generation of dies with increased operational durability. Practical implications: The obtained results of the tests have been practically applied in the FA “Swarzędz” enterprise to increase the durability of the forging dies for steel synchronizer rings. Originality/value: In order to ensure a required level of effectiveness of the use of layered composites of the “nitrided layer/ PVD coating” type for the increase in the durability of forging dies, it is necessary to properly select the composites on the basis of the analysis of the intensity of forging dies wear mechanisms.

16

Finite element modelling of contact interaction between wheel and rail with three-layered thin coating

Kolesnikov V., Chebakov M., Nasedkin A., Sukhov D.

Transport Problems

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2010

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T. 5, z. 2

119-124

EN

The stress-strain of thin multilayered coatings covered the surface of the rail is studied near the region of side contact in turning motion. The stress-strain state is studied for various geometric and mechanical coating parameters' values. A theoretical and a finite element models are developed. Stress-strain state analysis has been made based on models developed and recommendations were given for an optimal coating parameters' selection.

17

The investigations of (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Ti)N coatings obtained by PVD process onto sintered cutting tools

Dobrzański L. A., Staszuk M., Pawlyta M., Konieczny J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 42, nr 1-2

148-155

EN

Purpose: The main aim of this research was an investigation of both the coatings structure and mechanical properties deposited by the cathode arc evaporation physical vapor deposition (CAE-PVD) on sintered carbides and sialon tool ceramics substrates. Design/methodology/approach: The (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Ti)N coatings were investigated. Microstructure was characterized using the scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Phases composition analysis was carried out by the XRD and GIXRD method. Investigation of surface roughness was done. The mechanical properties were determined on basis of following research: a measurement of hardness using Vickres’s method, a measurement of roughness, adhesion using Scratch Test method. The cutting ability was defined on basis of technological cutting trials. Findings: The investigations made by use of the glow discharge optical emission spectrometer indicate the existence of the transition zone between the substrate material and the coating. The results shows that (Al,Ti)N coating presents good adhesion onto booth substrates and (Ti,Al)N coating presents good adhesion onto sintered carbides substrate. All the coatings demonstrate a high hardness. Research limitations/implications: The good adhesion (Al,Ti)N coating to sialon substrate is connecting with the same type of bonding in coat and sialon substrate. Originality/value: The good properties of the PVD gradient coatings make them suitable for various engineering and industrial applications.

18

Properties of Ti(B,N) coatings deposited onto cemented carbides and sialon tool ceramics

Dobrzański L. A., Staszuk M., Gołombek K., Pancielejko M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 41, nr 1-2

66-73

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to investigate mechanical properties both of sintered carbides WC-Co type and sialon tool ceramics with wear resistance ternary coatings Ti(B,N) type deposited by the cathodic arc evaporation process (CAE-PVD). Design/methodology/approach: The microhardness tests of coatings were made using the ultra microhardness tester. The grain size of investigated coatings was determined by the Scherrer method. Tests of the coatings adhesion to a substrate material were made using the scratch test. There was investigated the roughness of both uncoated and coated surface multi-point inserts. Wear mechanism observations, after the scratch test, were carried out by the scanning electron microscope with EDS attachment. Findings: This paper presents that studied PVD coatings deposited on sintered carbides and sialon tool ceramics have an effect on increasing hardness surface of tools. Moreover, the results achieved after the investigation shown that a coating obtaining on tool ceramics has bigger grains and a smaller adhesion to substrate rather than a coating on sintered carbides. Furthermore, the investigations were shown that both single and double-sided delamination was a principal defect mechanism during the scratch test. Practical implications: The gradient Ti(B,N) coating carried out on multi point inserts (made on sintered carbides WC-Co type) can be used in the pro-ecological dry cutting processes without using cutting fluids. However, application of this coating to cover sialon ceramics demands still both elaborating and improvement adhesion to substrates in order to introduce these to industrial applications. Originality/value: The paper presents some researches of gradient Ti(B,N) nanocrystaline coatings deposited by CAE-PVD method on sintered carbides and sialon tool ceramics.

19

Microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocomposite coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation

Lukaszkowicz K., Dobrzański L. A., Kwaśny W., Labisz K., Pancielejko M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 42, nr 1-2

156-163

EN

Purpose: The main aim of the this research was the investigation of the structure and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite TiAlSiN, CrAlSiN, AlTiCrN coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation method onto hot work tool steel substrate. Design/methodology/approach: The surfaces’ topography and the structure of the PVD coatings were observed on the scanning electron microscopy. Diffraction and thin film structure were tested with the use of the transmission electron microscopy. The microhardness tests were made on the dynamic ultra-microhardness tester. Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. Findings: It was found that the structure of the PVD coatings consisted of fine crystallites, while their average size fitted within the range of 11-25 nm, depending on the coating type. The coatings demonstrated columnar structure and dense cross-section morphology as well as good adhesion to the substrate. The critical load LC2 lies within the range of 46-54 N, depending on the coating and substrate type. The coatings demonstrate a high hardness (~40 GPa). Practical implications: In order to evaluate with more detail the possibility of applying these surface layers in tools, further investigations should be concentrated on the determination of the thermal fatigue resistance of the coatings. The very good mechanical properties of the nanocomposite coatings make them suitable in industrial applications. Originality/value: The investigation results will provide useful information to applying the nanocomposite coatings for the improvement of mechanical properties of the hot work tool steels.

20

Comparison of the PVD coatings deposited onto plasma nitrited steel

Polok-Rubiniec M., Dobrzański L. A., Adamiak M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 42, nr 1-2

172-179

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the structure, mechanical and tribological properties investigation results of the CrN, TiN and TiN/(Ti,Al)N anti-wear PVD coatings deposited onto substrates from the plasma nitrided hot work steel X37CrMoV5-1 type. Design/methodology/approach: Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. The surfaces’ topography and the structure of the PVD coatings were observed on the scanning electron microscopy. The microhardness tests were made on the dynamic ultra-microhardness tester. Wear resistance tests with the pin-on-disc method were carried out on the CSEM THT (High Temperature Tribometer). Findings: The duplex coatings demonstrate high hardness and very good adhesion. It was found out that the duplex TiN/(Ti,Al)N coating show the best adhesion to the substrate material. Practical implications: This investigation is to determine the usefulness of CrN and TiN, TiN/(Ti,Al)N PVD coatings deposition in order to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of hot work steels, particularly X37CrMoV5-1 type one. Originality/value: The investigation results will provide useful information to applying the duplex and nanostructure PVD coatings for the improvement of mechanical properties of the hot work tool steels. The very hard and antiwear PVD coatings deposited onto hot work tool steel substrate are needed.