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1

Influence of heavy metal concentration on chlorophyll content in Pleurozium schreberi mosses

Świsłowski Paweł, Rajfur Małgorzata, Wacławek Maria

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 4

591--601

EN

The aim of biomonitoring is assessment of environment condition. Biomonitoring studies with the use of mosses focus mainly on analytes accumulation and determining elements’ concentrations in the study area. It is often forgotten that a bioindicator should be alive during biomonitoring studies (which can be determined by, e.g., analysis of chlorophyll content). The objective of the carried out research was an assessment of the influence of selected heavy metals concentration: Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb accumulated by Pleurozium schreberi mosses during 3-month exposition within active biomonitoring, on their vitality, assessed by an analysis of a and b chlorophyll concentrations. The studies were also carried out in laboratory conditions, where the content of the dyes was determined with the aid of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, in mosses reacting with solutions of various concentrations of the analysed metals. The content of elements in mosses after exposition and in solutions prior and after sorption were determined with the use of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in a flame atomiser. After the carried out studies it was determined that mosses, during 12-week long exposition, accumulated heavy metals, which did not clearly influence the changes in chlorophyll content. The carried out studies prove that heavy metals are not the only and determining factor, which influences chlorophyll content in mosses as well as the bioindicator’s vitality in the conditions of environmental stress.

2

Wpływ wzbogacenia jadalnych siewek brokułu selenem na aktywność antyoksydacyjną oraz zawartość chlorofilu

Krzepiłko A., Zych-Wężyk I.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2012

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Vol. 6, No. 1

225--231

PL

Selen jest niezbędnym mikroelementem o właściwościach przeciwutleniających. Brokuł ma zdolność do akumulowania selenu z gleb i pożywek wzbogacanych w jego związki. Celem prezentowanej pracy była ocena wpływu dodatku selenu (w postaci Na2SeO3) na aktywność antyoksydacyjną i zawartość chlorofilu w jadalnych siewkach brokułu. Zastosowano różne stężenia Na2SeO3: 10, 50 oraz 100 μg na 1 g nasion. Obserwacje morfologiczne siewek brokułu na wczesnych etapach kiełkowania pozwalają na stwierdzenie, że dodatek selenianu(VI) sodu przyspiesza proces kiełkowania nasion i wykształcania korzenia zarodkowego. Siewki brokułu hodowane z dodatkiem selenianu charakteryzowały się większą biomasą w porównaniu do roślin kontrolnych. Oznaczając stężenie chlorofilu, stwierdzono, że stężenie chlorofilu a było wyższe niż chlorofilu b zarówno w kontroli, jak i w siewkach hodowanych z dodatkiem selenianu. Dodatek selenianu przyspieszał proces wytwarzania chlorofilu w siewkach brokułu, co wyraźnie stwierdzono w czwartym dniu hodowli. Dodatek selenianu stymulował także wytwarzanie chlorofilu b w siewkach brokułu w początkowym okresie ich wzrostu. Stężenie chlorofilu w próbkach z selenianem było wyższe niż w kontroli w początkowym okresie wzrostu siewek. Jednak w kolejnych dniach hodowli zawartość chlorofilu w kontroli zwiększała się szybciej niż w próbkach z selenianem. Wewnątrzkomórkowe stężenie selenu wpływa na procesy fizjologiczne zachodzące w roślinach. Oznaczając całkowitą zdolność antyoksydacyjną w ekstraktach z siewek brokułu, stwierdzono, że w czwartym dniu hodowli zawartość antyoksydantów wyrażona w ekwiwalencie troloksu była podobna w próbkach kontrolnych i rosnących w obecności selenianu. W 5 i 6 dniu hodowli obserwowano spadek całkowitej zdolności antyoksydacyjnej (CZA) we wszystkich próbkach. W szóstym dniu hodowli siewki rosnące w obecności selenianu charakteryzowały się niższą wartością CZA niż obiekt kontrolny. Związki selenu w zależności od stężenia mogą działać prooksydacyjnie na komórki roślin.

EN

Selenium is an essential micronutrient with antioxidant properties. Broccoli is capable of accumulating selenium from the soil and from media enriched with its compounds. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of selenium supplements (in the form of Na2SeO3) on the antioxidant activity and chlorophyll content of edible broccoli seedlings. Different concentrations of Na2SeO3 were used: 10, 50 and 100 μg per 1 g of seeds. Morphological observations of the broccoli seedlings during the early stages of germination indicate that sodium selenate supplementation accelerates the germination process and radicle formation. Broccoli seedlings grown with selenate had greater biomass than the control plants. Determinations of chlorophyll concentration showed that chlorophyll a concentration was higher than that of chlorophyll b both in the control and in the seedlings grown with selenate. Selenate accelerated the chlorophyll-production process in the broccoli seedlings, which could be clearly seen on the fourth day of growth. Selenate supplementation also stimulated production of chlorophyll b in the broccoli seedlings during the initial period of growth. Chlorophyll concentration in the samples with selenate was higher than in the control in the initial period of growth. On successive days of growth, however, chlorophyll content in the control increased faster than in the samples with selenate. The intracellular concentration of selenium affects physiological processes taking place in the plants. Determination of total antioxidant capacity in the broccoli seedling extracts showed that on the fourth day of growth antioxidant content expressed as trolox equivalent was similar in the control samples and those grown in the presence of selenate. On days 5 and 6 of growth, a decrease in TEAC was observed in all samples. On the sixth day, the seedlings grown in the presence of selenium had lower TEAC than the control samples. Selenium compounds, depending on their concentration, can have a pro-oxidant effect on the cells of the plants.

3

Phytotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium on rapeseed plants

Peško M., Kráľová K.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2011

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Vol. 5, No. 2

413--418

EN

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L. subsp. napus) plants were exposed to six different concentrations (12, 24, 60, 120, 240, 480 μmol dm–3) of K2Cr2O7 for 7 days. Dry mass of shoots and roots decreased rapidly with increasing external Cr(VI) concentration. Application of Cr(VI) concentrations ³ 120 μmol dm–3 caused that leaves were strongly chlorotic and some of them even desiccated. Roots of these plants where subtile and brownish. Notable decrease in chlorophyll content was observed already at the lowest (12 μmol dm–3) used concentration. Content of soluble proteins in leaves decreased rapidly within the studied concentration range, whereby the lowest protein content was observed after application of 240 μmol dm–3 Cr(VI). Lipid peroxidation expressed as a content of malondialdehyde in leaves was notable already after application of 12 μmol dm–3 Cr(VI). At lower applied Cr(VI) concentrations (12÷120 μmol dm–3) the bioaccumulation factors related to Cr accumulation in roots were higher then those determined for shoots. Treatment with higher Cr(VI) concentrations (240 and 480 μmol dm–3) had an opposite effect and BAFs for the shoots exceeded those determined for the roots. The portion of Cr allocated in shoots related to the total Cr amount accumulated by plant ranged from 23.3% (12 μmol dm–3) to 94.7% (480 μmol dm–3). In the case of higher applied external Cr(VI) concentrations (120÷480 μmol dm–3) the defence mechanisms of plants were evidently impaired and uncontrolled Cr translocation within the plant occurred.

4

Growth and Photosynthetic Activity of Cucumber as Influenced by Different Fertilization Regimes

Klamkowski K., Treder W., Tryngiel-Gać A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 1

35-41

EN

The investigation aimed at examining the changes in growth and photosynthetic activity of greenhouse-grown cucumber plants subjected to various fertilization regimes. The plants were subjected to the following treatments: standard fertilization with nutrient solution (control), foliar treatments with two fertilizers (complete or nitrogenous), without any fertilization (non-fertilized plants). The plants without fertilization were supplied with water only. Lack of fertilization resulted in the reduction of net photosynthesis and leaf chlorophyll content. The lowest rates of photosynthesis and leaf chlorophyll content were observed in the non-fertilized cucumber plants. Also, retardation in plant growth was evident in this group of plants as a result of nutrient deficiency. Foliar application of complete fertilizer (Agroleaf Power Total) had a pronounced effect on photosynthesis and growth of cucumber plants. On the other hand, the plants sprayed with nitrogenous fertilizer (Basfoliar 36 Extra) assimilated with low intensity, and their vigor did not differ significantly from that recorded for plants supplied with water only (non-fertilized).

PL

W dooewiadczeniu szklarniowym oceniono wzrost i aktywnooeć fizjologiczną rooelin ogórka w reakcji na zastosowane nawożenie. Kombinacje dooewiadczalne obejmowały rooeliny nawożone dokorzeniowo (fertygacja pożywką płynną), rooeliny nienawożone w trakcie trwania uprawy oraz rooeliny nawożone dolistnie jednym z dwóch nawozów: wieloskładnikowym (zawierającym makro i mikroelementy) lub azotowym (zawierającym azot i mikroelementy). Rooeliny nienawożone zasilane były tylko wodą. Najmniejsze natężenie fotosyntezy i zawartość chlorofilu w lioeciach wykazano w przypadku roślin nienawożonych. U tej grupy rooelin stwierdzono także najsilniejsze zahamowanie wzrostu. Spośród zastosowanych nawozów dolistnych, wyższą skuteczność wykazano w przypadku nawozu wieloskładnikowego. U roślin opryskiwanych tym nawozem stwierdzono większą zawartość chlorofilu w liściach oraz wysokie wartosci fotosyntezy netto. Rośliny traktowane nawozem wieloskładnikowym charakteryzowały się także bardziej intensywnym wzrostem.

5

Heavy metal accumulation and its effects on bladder campion (Silene vulgaris (moench) garcke) plants grown on metal contaminated sites

Heflik M., Nadgórska-Socha A., Ciepał R.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Vol. 13, nr 7

657-663

EN

The heavy metal accumulation (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cu), activity of peroxidase POD (EC 1. 11. 1.7) and chlorophylls and carotenoid contents were investigated in Silene vulgaris plants grown on heavy metal contaminated sites (on three different slag heaps in Piekary Śląskie and in the nearest vicinity of the zinc smelter in Katowice-Szopienice). In the investigated areas plant cover was a result of natural succession. Silene vulgaris was the best Zn bioaccumulator in investigated areas. Moreover Zn from most of the investigated areas was accumulated in higher amounts in shoots, similarly Pb from the 1st and 2nd heap, Cd from the 2nd heap and Cu from the 1st one and from the vicinity of the metal smelter. The decrease of peroxidase (POD) activity and pigment contents were determined in plant leaves collected on the 2nd and 3rd heap, where the higher accumulation of Pb and Cd (for 3rd) was found. The increased POD activity determined in Silene vulgaris leaves collected in the smelter vicinity could be a defensive response especially for a higher concentration of Zn.

PL

Badano akumulację metali ciężkich (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cu), aktywność peroksydazy, jak i stężenie chlorofili i karotenoidów u roślin Silene vulgaris rosnących na terenach zanieczyszczonych metalami ciężkimi (na 3 różnych hałdach odpadów pohutniczych w Piekarach Śląskich i w najbliższym otoczeniu Huty Metali Nieżelaznych "Szopienice" w Katowicach). Na badanych powierzchniach pokrywa roślinna była wynikiem naturalnej sukcesji. Silene vulgaris na badanych powierzchniach było najlepszym bioakumulatorem cynku. Co więcej, Zn u Silene vulgaris z większości badanych powierzchni akumulowany był w większych ilościach w częściach nadziemnych, podobnie Pb (na hałdzie pierwszej i drugiej), Cd (na drugiej) i Cu (na pierwszej) oraz w najbliższym otoczeniu emitora. Spadek aktywność peroksydazy (POD) i stężenia barwników stwierdzono w liściach roślin zbieranych na 2 i 3 hałdzie, gdzie zanotowano większą akumulację Pb i Cd (dla 3 hałdy). Zwiększona aktywność peroksydazy w liściach Silone vulgaris z najbliższego otoczenia emitora może być reakcją obronną zwłaszcza na podwyższone stężenia Zn.

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Content of assimilation pigments, phosphorus and protein in broad bean Vicia faba L. ssp. maior grown in heavy metals contaminated soils

Nadgórska-Socha A., Gospodarek J., Jaworska M., Ciepał R.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 4

421-426

EN

In pot experiment in Vicia fabathe chlorophyll a, b; carotenoids, phosphorus and protein contents were investigated. The plants were grown in heavy metals: Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn contaminated soils. (contamination according to IUNG classification I and III level). Some samples of the soil were limed. Upper parts of the shoots were collected in June and July 2003. The higher concentrations of pigments were determined in June samples. The chlorotic leaves were observed in Zn- and Ni treated plants. The higher percentage content of P was obtained in plants collected in June. In Zn and Ni- treated plants the lowest level of P was observed. The lowest content of protein was determined in these plants too. Ni and Zn have the highest phytotoxic effect on the condition of broad bean.

PL

W doświadczeniu wazonowym przeprowadzono badania zawartości barwników: chlorofilu a, chlorofilu b, karotenoidów; fosforu oraz białka u bobu rosnącego w glebie skażonej pojedynczymi metalami: Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu (na poziomie I i III stopnia zanieczyszczenia wg klasyfikacji IUNG). Część obiektów poddano wapnowaniu. Próbki roślin (górne części pędu) pobierano w czerwcu i lipcu 2003. Stwierdzono większe koncentracje barwników w czerwcu. Chlorozę obserwowano u roślin traktowanych Zn oraz Ni. Uzyskano większy procentowy udział P w próbkach roślin pobranych w czerwcu. Najmniejsze wartości obserwowano u roślin traktowanych Zn i Ni. Również u tych roślin stwierdzano mniejszą zawartość białka. Najbardziej fitotoksyczny w przeprowadzanych badaniach był Ni i Zn.

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Altitudinal trends in needle chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings exposed to increased ultraviolet-b radiation

Robakowski P., Modrzyński J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 1

49-62

EN

The main purpose of this study was to determine the relation between the altitude of Norway spruce seed origin and seedling response enhanced UV-B irradiation. There were threeUV-B treatments: high UV-B with a dose of 22.76 kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE] (biologically effective dose), low UV-B-5.69kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE] and control>> ~ 0 kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE]. The plants were exposed to enhanced UV-B during 120 days in the greenhouse. Needle chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were investigated. The chlorophyll content in irradiated needles was lower relative to control after 30 days of exposure to UV-B, but it was higher after 70 days. All the measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including relative vitality indexes were reduced for needles exposed to an increased UV-B radiation. Generally, the needles' chlorophyll content was increased and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were decreased with altitude of seed origin. The results suggest that the acclimation to higher altitudes may also consist of an increased chlorophyll production. The alterations in chlorophyll concentration among the seedlings originating from different altitudes showed that response of Norway spruce to an enhanced UV-B irradiation depends on the altitude of origin.

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Impact of ultraviolet-B radiation on two species of forest dwarf shrubs : bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)

Robakowski P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1999

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Vol. 47, no 1

3-13

EN

Impact of UV-B irradiation on chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of two dwarf shrub species: Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. was investigated. The plants originating from different latitudes were used. The experiment was carried in the greenhouse. Three variants of ultraviolet-B irradiation were applied = O, lower dose = 11.32 and higher dose = 22.64 kJ m^-2 day^-1 UV-B[BE] (biologically effective dose of UV-B). Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were carried out. The response of dwarf shrubs to the increased UV-B radiation depended on UV-B dose, species traits and provenance. Vaccinium vitis-idaea was less sensitive to UV-B than Vaccinium myrtillus. The permanent discoloration was observed only on Vaccinium myrtillus leaves. The leaf bud brea of this species was accelerated at high UV-B dose compared to the control. The UV-B radiation influenced its photosynthetic apparatus: the chlorophyll content in leaves was reduced, the maximal and the steady state fluorescence of chlorophyll were diminished. The chlorophyll content in leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea did not change significantly but the relative vitality index and the steady state fluorescence were modified under the influence of the radiation.