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Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Cymbopogan citratus and Asparagus officinalis L. to Waterlogging and Salinity Stress

Hanif Asma, Sattar Maida, Qiushi Qin, Gul Mah, Shahzad Sobia, Jian Wei, Hassan Muhammad Umair, Al-Khayri Jameel Mohammed, Aldaej Mohammed Ibrahim, Sattar Muhammad Naeem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

115--125

EN

Salinity stress is an alarming issue causing a substantial reduction in crop productivity. Waterlogging also limits crop productivity and the extent of both these stresses is increasing due to climate change and global warming. This study investigated the response of Lemongrass and Asparagus grass under salinity stress and waterlogged conditions. The study was comprised of different treatments: control, salinity stress, waterlogged conditions and salinity stress + waterlogged conditions. The results revealed that salinity + waterlogging pressure negatively affected cymbopogan citratus and Asparagus officinalis. The physio-morphological, biochemical attributes, enzymatic antioxidants, and nutrient parameters showed a greater reduction under combined salinity and water waterlogged conditions. Waterlogging caused a marked decrease in root growth, leaves production and plant height of both grasses, compared to the control. Salinity stress also resulted in similar morphological modifications, albeit to a lesser extent. Physiological analysis showed a decline in chlorophyll content and RWC, indicating reduced photosynthetic capacity and water uptake efficiency in response to waterlogging and salinity. Electrolyte leakage, increased significantly under waterlogging and salinity stress, suggesting cellular damage and membrane disruption. C.citratus exhibited greater resilience to waterlogging and salinity compared to A. officinalis. Despite the adverse conditions, C. citratus maintained higher chlorophyll content, RWC, and lower electrolyte leakage, indicating better stress tolerance mechanisms. In conclusion, waterlogging and salinity induced significant morphophysiological modifications in both C. citratus and A. officinalis. However, C. citratus exhibited better tolerance to these stresses, suggesting its potential for cultivation in waterlogged and saline environments.

2

Effect of asparagus chitosan-rutin coating on losses and waste reduction during storage

Priss Olesia, Hutsol Taras, Glowacki Szymon, Bulhakov Pavlo, Bakhlukova Kseniia, Osokina Nina, Nurek Tomasz, Horetska Iryna, Mykhailova Lyudmyla

Agricultural Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 28, No. 1

99--118

EN

Storage is a crucial component of a sustainable and efficient food supply system. Reduction of postharvest losses and waste is a vital strategy to improve efficiency, ensure product availability, and reduce environ-mental impact. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) boasts a high nutritional value and complex of phytonutrients. Yet, the storage period for fresh asparagus is quite short, leading to rapid quality deterioration. An effective method to extend storage periods involves postharvest treatments using the natural biopolymer chitosan. The aim of the research was to assess the effectiveness of applying sustainable postharvest treatments based on chitosan and rutin, with a focus on losses and waste reduction during asparagus storage. The impact of the applied storage technology on the visual appeal and sensory attributes of asparagus, along with its effects on respiratory metabolism, weight loss, soluble solids, soluble carbohydrates, chlorophylls, and carotenoids, was systematically assessed. The findings indicate that the post-harvest treatment using chitosan and rutin effectively preserves the visual characteristics of asparaguswhen the storage period is prolonged to a week. A major advantage of this technology is a substantial reduction in waste, achieving the levels of 1.0-1.5%. The proportion of standard products post-storage ranged from 94.4% to 96.0%. The treatment with chitosan and rutin efficiently reduces weight loss by half and suppresses the respiration rate, leading to decreased losses in soluble solids, carbohydrates, chlorophylls, and carotenoids during storage. These outcomes underscore the effectiveness of the applied coating in impeding metabolic processes, resulting in minimized quantitative and qualitative losses in the product quality during a prolonged storage.

PL

Przechowywanie jest istotnym elementem zrównoważonego i skutecznego łańcucha dostaw żywności. Redukcja strat i odpadów po zbiorze stanowi ważną strategię, której celem jest ulepszenie skuteczności, zapewnienie dostępności produktów oraz zmniejszenie wpływu na środowisko. Szparaga (Asparagus officinalis L.) posiada wysokie wartości odżywcze oraz kompleks fitozwiązków. Jednak okres przechowywania świeżej szparagi jest dosyć krótki, za czym idzie gwałtowne pogorszenie jakości. Skuteczna metoda wydłużająca okres przechowywania polega na zastosowaniu po zbiorze zabiegów z użyciem naturalnego chitozanu polimerowego. Niniejsze badanie miało na celu ocenę skuteczności stosowania zrównoważonych zabiegów po zbiorze z zastosowaniem chitozanu i rutyny skupiając się na redukcji strat i odpadów podczas przechowywania szparagi. Systematycznie oceniano wpływ zastosowanej technologii przechowywania na wygląd zewnętrzny i cechy sensoryczne szparagi razem z wpływem na metabolizm oddechowy, straty wagi, rozpuszczalnych cząstek stałych, rozpuszczalnych węglowodanów, chlorofilu i karotenoidów. Wyniki wskazują na to, że zabiegi przeprowadzone po zbiorze z użyciem chitozanu i rutyny skutecznie podtrzymują charakterystykę wizualną szparagi podczas gdy okres przechowywania wydłużony jest o tydzień. Główną korzyścią tej technologii jest widoczna redukcja odpadów na poziomie 1-1-5%. Proporcja standardowych produktów po przechowywaniu wahała się między 94,4 a 96%. Użycie chitozanu i rutyny skutecznie zmniejsza stratę wagi o połowę i hamuje tempo zmniejszając w ten sposób straty rozpuszczalnych części stałych, węglowodanów, chlorofilu i karotenoidów podczas przechowywania. Niniejsze wyniki potwierdzają skuteczność zastosowanej powłoki w blokowaniu procesu metabolicznego, co skutkuje zmniejszonymi stratami ilościowymi i jakościowymi produktu podczas przedłużonego przechowywania.

3

Zastosowanie bezinwazyjnych metod pomiarowych do oceny aktywności fotosyntetycznej roślin

Pietrzak Monika, Skiba Elżbieta, Wolf Wojciech M.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

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nr 3

38--45

PL

Fotosynteza jest procesem biochemicznym polegającym na syntezie związków organicznych z prostych związków nieorganicznych przy udziale energii świetlnej i w obecności barwników asymilacyjnych. Jest kluczowym procesem metabolicznym, determinującym wysokość plonu roślin uprawnych. Aktywność fotosyntetyczna roślin zależy od wielu czynników, w tym warunków środowiskowych. Zarówno abiotyczne, jak i biotyczne czynniki stresowe mogą ograniczać wydajność fotosyntezy. Monitorowanie tego procesu jest obecnie możliwe dzięki metodom bezinwazyjnym stosowanym zarówno w warunkach laboratoryjnych, jak i terenowych. Powszechnie stosowanymi wskaźnikami wydajności procesu fotosyntezy roślin są parametry biochemiczne, parametry wymiany gazowej oraz zawartość chlorofilu w liściach.

EN

Photosynthesis is a biochemical process defined as the synthesis of organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds with the use light energy and in the presence of assimilation dyes. It is the primary determinant of crop yield. The photosynthetic activity of plants depends on many factors, including environmental conditions. Both abiotic and biotic stressors can limit the efficiency of photosynthesis. Non-invasive techniques for photosynthesis monitoring are used in laboratory and field conditions. The biochemical parameters, gas exchange parameters and the chlorophyll content in leaves are commonly used indicators of plants photosynthesis efficiency.

4

The Effect of Biostimulants on the Chlorophyll Content and Height of Solanum tuberosum L. Plants

Mystkowska Iwona

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

72--77

EN

The effect of foliar feeding with four biostimulants with active substances (Ecklonia maxima algae extract, titanium, humic substances, plant hormones: auxin and cytokinin) on the chlorophyll content and plant height of three Solanum tuberosum cultivars was investigated. A field experiment was carried out in 2015–2017 in eastern Poland in three growing seasons using the split-plot method. The cultivated varieties significantly differentiated the chlorophyll content (SPAD index) and plant height. The research showed the influence of varieties and many years of research on the height of potato plants. The biostimulants increased the value of the SPAD coefficient and the height of the potato plants.

5

Analysis of the Chlorophyll and Carotenoids Content in Brassica Chinensis Plants Using IoT-Based Sprinkle Irrigation

Noerhayati Eko, Mustika Soraya Norma, Mardiyani Siti Asmaniyah, Ingsih Ita Suhermin, Afroni Muhammad Yasa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

25--33

EN

The agricultural sector is currently witnessing the use of Internet of Things (IoT) to drive significant innovations across key interests, particularly irrigation. A sprinkler designed with an Arduino controller was developed in this study. The device is among the fastest growing agricultural irrigation systems. The plant studied is Brassica Chinensis, because this vegetable is one of the most commonly consumed vegetables by Indonesian people. However, emphasis is also placed on plant quality as an important consideration, not only on the device’s operational performance. The purpose of this research was to compare the plant quality, including the dissolved solids, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and vitamin C using manual and Arduino-based sprinkler. As consequence, three treatment methods were employed, termed: the use of manual sprinkle, e.g. P0, and Arduino-based IoT sprinkler, described as P1 and P2. Under these conditions, the chlorophyll quality was comparable to the results obtained using the manual application. P1 is a situation where the sprinkler is manually set by the farmer via the app. Meanwhile, P2 uses a sprinkler which is automatically regulated by the system. Under these conditions, the chlorophyll quality generated with the IoT sprinkler was comparable to the results obtained using the manual application.

6

Polscy badacze chemii porfiryn. I. Pionierzy

Wojaczyński Jacek

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2021

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[Z] 75, 5-6

533-551

EN

Polish chemists have been engaged in the development of chemistry of porphyrins and related macrocycles. In the first part of the historical review, short biographies and achievements of the pioneers in the field are presented. In particular, the importance of studies performed by Marceli Nencki, Leon Marchlewski, and their co-workers, in the discovery of structures of pigments of life — heme of chlorophyll — is underlined. The contributions of other Polish biochemists and forensic chemists are discussed as well.

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Polscy badacze chemii porfiryn. 2. Od połowy XX wieku do czasów współczesnych

Wojaczyński Jacek

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2021

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[Z] 75, 5-6

553--592

EN

The introduction of practical methods of synthesis of porphyrins by Adler and Lindsey led to the development of applications of these compounds in various fields, including catalysis and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The second part of the presentation of Polish porphyrin chemists has a form of overview of scientific groups working in the universities and other academic institutions in the cities of Krakow, Katowice, Wrocław, Opole, Poznań, Łódź, Warszawa, Siedlce, Lublin, Białystok, Gdańsk and Sopot.

8

Variation in radical antioxidant capacity and the total amount of carotenoids in razor clams, Ensis marginatus (Pennant, 1777), from the Çanakkale Strait (Abidealtı), Turkey

Kizilkaya Bayram, Acarli Sefa, Ertuğrul Pervin Vural, Berber Selçuk, Çelik Pinar

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 1

16--23

EN

Metabolic activities such as breathing and digestion, resulting from natural functions of the body through oxidation, lead to the formation of free radicals that cause cancer, premature cardiac aging and some chronic diseases. Antioxidants are substances that remove free radicals and prevent cell damage. Seafood significantly contributes to the elimination of free radicals, especially owing to its high quality nutrient content. In this context, the objective of the study was to determine the radical antioxidant capacity and the total amount of carotenes in razor clams. The IC50 (mg g−1) value of the DPPH radical sweeping effect varied over the months (p < 0.05), showing the highest value in June, gradually decreasing from September and reaching the lowest level in February. The total amount of carotenoids also varied, with the highest value in September (p < 0.05). The total amount of chlorophyll ranged from 6.15 µg g−1 in August to 66.71 µg g−1 in December.

9

Èffektivnostʹ primeneniâ mikrobiologičeskih preparatov pri vyraŝivanii pšenicy ozimoj

Vinyukov Oleksandr, Chuhrii Hanna, Poplevko Viktor

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 66, nr 1

30--35

RU

В статье приведены теоретическое обобщение и новое решение научной задачи, которая заключается в научном обосновании и разработке агротехнологических мероприятий повышения зерновой продуктивности растений пшеницы озимой с учетом морфобиологических особенностей сорта, его реакции на применение микробиологических препаратов с целью повышения эффективности выращивания и стабилизации валовых сборов зерна в регионе. Установлено, что инокуляция семян микробиологическими препаратами положительно сказалась не только на формировании биометрических показателей растений пшеницы озимой, но и улучшало физиологические процессы, такие как накопление хлорофилла в листьях. Условия осенней вегетации растений озимых в годы проведения исследований способствовали наращиванию содержания хлорофилла в вегетативных частях растений. Так, на время прекращения осенней вегетации все варианты, где применяли инокуляцию семян обеспечили увеличение содержания хлорофилла по сравнению с контролем от 0,3 мг/г а.с.в. до 0,6 мг/г а.с.в. Среди вариантов выделились те, где к препарату Меланориз добавлялись ГумиФренд или ХелпРост. Исследованиями доказано, что использование микробиологических препаратов в технологиях выращивания озимой пшеницы способствует усилению поступления питательных веществ к растениям, стимулирующим развитие растений в течение вегетации, и, как следствие, повышает показатели структуры урожая. Наряду с вариантами, где использовали инокуляцию семян, варианты с опрыскиванием посевов также повлияли на длину колоса обеспечив прибавку к контрольному варианту на 4,1%, за счет опрыскивания посевов в фазу кущения и на 6,9% при опрыскивании посевов в фазу флагового листа препаратом ГумиФренд. Установлено, что за годы проведения исследований, наиболее существенная прибавка урожайности была при инокуляции семян препаратом Меланориз (12,5%). В результате многолетних исследований усовершенствованы существующие приемы выращивания озимой пшеницы за счет внедрения новых агротехнических мероприятий, которые позволяют в условиях восточной части Северной Степи полнее реализовывать генетические особенности нового сорта озимой пшеницы

EN

The article presents a theoretical generalization and a new solution to a scientific problem, which consists in the scientific substantiation and development of agrotechnological measures to increase the grain productivity of winter wheat plants, taking into account the morphobiological characteristics of the variety, its response to the use of microbiological preparations in order to increase the efficiency of cultivation and stabilize the gross grain yield in the region. It was found that the inoculation of seeds with microbiological preparations had a positive effect not only on the formation of biometric indicators of winter wheat plants, but also improved physiological processes, such as the accumulation of chlorophyll in the leaves. The conditions of autumn vegetation of winter crops during the years of research contributed to an increase in the content of chlorophyll in the vegetative parts of plants. So, at the time of the termination of the autumn vegetation, all variants where seed inoculation was used provided an increase in the chlorophyll content in comparison with the control from 0.3 mg/g up to 0.6 mg/g. Among the options stood out those where GumiFrend or HelpRost were added to the Melanoriz. Studies have shown that the use of microbiological preparations in winter wheat cultivation technologies enhances the supply of nutrients to plants that stimulate plant development during the growing season, and, as a result, increases the yield structure indicators. Along with the options where seed inoculation was used, the options with spraying crops also influenced the ear length, providing an increase to the control option by 4.1%, due to spraying crops in the tillering phase and by 6.9% when spraying crops in the flag leaf phase with the GumiFrend. It was found that over the years of research, the most significant increase in yield was when seeds were inoculated with Melanoriz (12.5%). As a result of many years of research, the existing methods of growing winter wheat have been improved through the introduction of new agrotechnical measures, which make it possible to more fully realize the genetic characteristics of a new variety of winter wheat in the conditions of the eastern part of the Northern Steppe.

10

Diversification of chloroplast pigment contents determined by differential selection of agriculture practices in maize cultivation

Szulc Piotr, Krauklis Daniel, Kobus-Cisowska Joanna, Nowaczyk Rafał

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 66, nr 2

16--21

EN

The article presents the results of a 3-year field study aimed at evaluating the effect of sowing method and NP fertilizer application on chloroplast pigment contents in two different types of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. Cultivation method regardless of the years significantly shaping chloroplast pigment contents is the same factor that determines maize yield. Variety selection can but to a small extent correct the adverse effects of direct sowing systems on chlorophyll content. The lack of differences in the nitrogen nutritional status (SPAD) of plants at the BBCH 67 stage despite the considerable diversification of the experimental factor levels indicates good conditions for the uptake of this nutrient in the period up to flowering. Selection of the variety in combination with row NP fertilization is the factor supporting the nutritional status of maize at this stage. The “stay-green” type should be the more predisposed maize variety for direct sowing and row fertilization under these conditions due to the higher chlorophyll content of leaf blades.

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki 3-letnich badań polowych, których celem była ocena wpływu sposobu siewu i aplikacji nawozu NP na zawartość barwników chloroplastowych przez dwa różne typy odmian kukurydzy (Zea mays L.). Sposób uprawy roli istotnie, niezależnie od roku, kształtując zawartość barwników chloroplastowych jest czynnikiem warunkującym plonowanie kukurydzy. Dobór odmiany może, lecz w niewielkim stopniu, skorygować niekorzystny wpływ systemów siewu bezpośredniego na zawartość chlorofilu. Brak zróżnicowania stanu odżywienia roślin azotem (SPAD) w stadium BBCH 67, pomimo znacznej dywersyfikacji poziomów czynników doświadczalnych, wskazuje na dobre warunki pobierania tego składnika w okresie do kwitnienia. Czynnikiem wspomagającym stan odżywienia kukurydzy w tym stadium jest dobór odmiany w połączeniu z rzędowym nawożeniem NP. Bardziej predysponowaną odmianą kukurydzy do siewów bezpośrednich i nawożenia rzędowego ze względu na większą zawartość chlorofilu w blaszkach liściowych w tych warunkach siedliskowych powinna być odmiana w typie „stay-green”.

11

The Leaf Greenness Index SPAD and Selected Features of Potato Following an Application of Herbicides and Biostimulants

Zarzecka Krystyna, Gugała Marek, Mystkowska Iwona, Sikorska Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 8

54--63

EN

The objective of the research was to determine the effect of herbicides and herbicides combined with biostimulants on the leaf greenness index SPAD and selected potato characteristics, i.e. plant height, yield of large tubers and the vitamin C content. A three-year experiment was conducted to examine the following factors: factor I – three potato cultivars: Bartek, Gawin, Honorata; factor II – five methods of an application of herbicides and biostimulants: 1. control unit without chemical control, 2. the Harrier 295 ZC herbicide (linuron + clomazone), 3. the Harrier 295 ZC herbicide (linuron + clomazone) and the Kelpak SL biostimulant (Ecklonia maxima), 4. the Sencor 70 WG herbicide (metribuzin), 5. the Sencor 70 WG herbicide (metribuzin) and the Asahi SL biostimulant (sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol). The cultivars investigated in the experiment significantly affected the leaf greenness index SPAD, plant height, yield of large tubers and the vitamin C content. The herbicides and biostimulants enhanced the values of the examined potato characteristics. Linear correlation coefficients confirm a strong, significant, positive correlation between the SPAD index and plant height, yield of large tubers and vitamin C content.

12

Leaf Area Formation and Photosynthetic Activity of Sunflower Plants Depending on Fertilizers and Growth Regulators

Domaratskyi Yevhenii

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

99--105

EN

The study presents scientific substantiation and determination of the dependence of leaf area formation and photosynthetic activity of sunflower plants under the influence of fertilizers and growth regulators. The field research was conducted in 2015-2017 in the fields of the Voznesensk district in the Mykolaiv region, Ukraine (GPS: 47.630518, 32.078974). The soil of the research field is common black soil with little humus accumulation and the content of hydrolyzed nitrogen – 1.5-1.8; the content of highly absorbable phosphorous – 4.5-7.0 and the content of exchangeable potassium – 12-15 mg/100 g of soil. The research was carried out by a two-factor scheme, where Factor A – the rate of mineral nutrition (the test plot without fertilizers; N30P45; N60P90); and Factor В – foliar feeding with the Wuxal Microplant, Khelafit Combi and Fitomare preparations. The weather conditions in the years of the research were typical for this growing zone. It was established that the year 2017 was the least favorable with excessively low soil moisture and high temperature regime for growing the crop, and the weather conditions of 2015 and 2016 were the most favorable for cultivating sunflower. The research made it possible to determine that fertilizers combined with multifunctional preparations had a considerable impact on the leaf area and photosynthetic potential of agrocenosis. It proves that foliar feeding of sunflower plants at the stage of 6-8 true leaves with growth regulators contributed not only to a change in the total chlorophyll content, but also to its fractional composition. In all the cases there was a major increase in the content of the fraction "а". In particular, the maximal increase in this fraction was 90%, whereas the difference did not exceed 76% in the fraction "b". Under nonfertilized conditions these indices were 48 and 13%, respectively.

13

Comparative quantitative study on phytochemical contents of hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

Telichowska Aleksandra, Kobus-Cisowska Joanna, Stachowiak Barbara, Byczkiewicz Szymon, Zawadzka Agnieszka, Szulc Piotr

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 65, nr 2

18--23

EN

Hop cones (Humulus lupulus L.) are mainly used as the main flavoring ingredient in beer production. Cones contain active compounds that determine not only the aromatic characteristic, but also functional properties. The aim of this study was to determine the basic anatomical characteristics of hops of the following varieties: Marynka, Lubelski, Magnum, and the assessment of the content of selected phytochemicals in water extracts. The different level of the content of chlorophyll depending on the cultivar studied was shown. The cones of the Marynka variety (0.49 mg/g) had the highest content of total chlorophylls. All tested hop cone extracts showed a similar content of carotenoid pigments. The highest amount of polyphenolic acids was found in extracts prepared from the Lubelski variety cones (5.22 mg chlorogenic acid/g), and the lowest in the cones of Marynka variety (3.36 mg chlorogenic acid/g). Based on the research, it was shown that hop cones can be a good raw material for the production of water extracts due to the high content of biologically active compounds. Hop cones can be a raw material for the production of functional food.

PL

Szyszki chmielowe (Humulus lupulus L.) wykorzystywane są głównie jako podstawowy składnik aromatyzujący w produkcji piwa. Zawierają one bowiem związki aktywne, które decydują nie tylko o walorach organoleptycznych, ale także o właściwościach prozdrowotnych. Celem niniejszej pracy była podstawowa charakterystyka towaroznawcza szyszek chmielu odmian Marynka, Lubelski i Magnum, a także ocena zawartości wybranych fitozwiązków w wodnych ekstraktach z szyszek. Wykazano zróżnicowanie zawartości chlorofilu w zależności od badanej odmiany. Najwyższą zawartością sumy chlorofili charakteryzowały się ekstrakty z szyszek odmiany Marynka (0,49 mg/g). Wszystkie badane ekstrakty z szyszek chmielowych wykazały podobną zawartość barwników karotenoidowych. Polifenolokwasy w największej ilości znajdowały się w ekstraktach sporządzonych z szyszek odmiany Lubelski (5,22 mg kwasu chlorogenowego/g), a w najmniejszej w szyszkach odmiany Marynka (3,36 mg kwasu chlorogenowego/g). Na podstawie wykonanych badań wykazano, że szyszki chmielu mogą stanowić dobry surowiec do wytwarzania ekstraktów wodnych z uwagi na wysoką zawartość związków biologicznie aktywnych. Szyszki chmielu mogą stanowić również surowiec do produkcji żywności funkcjonalnej.

14

Spatiotemporal variation of alkaline phosphatase activity in coastal waters off Trivandrum

Shivaramu Mamatha S., Randive Amruta K., Kumari Ritu, Gauns Manguesh, Ponnapakkam LokaBharathi A.

Oceanologia

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2019

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No. 61 (1)

170--177

EN

Phosphatase is an extracellular enzyme which releases inorganic phosphate (Pi) from dissolved organic phosphate and indirectly organic carbon as nutrients for aquatic communities. Here, we have examined spatiotemporal variation in total alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) over a short period off Trivandrum, SW India. Sampling was at 50 m water depth at 5, 15, 25 and 45 m for 5 consecutive days at 6 h intervals during post-monsoon season. Total APA and phosphatase producing bacteria (PPB) were estimated along with pertinent environmental parameters. APA increased with depth up to 3.98 μMPh-1 at 45 m. Increase in pigment concentration with depth is responsible for an increase in APA and Pi uptake. There is a marginal increase in APA towards 18-24 h suggesting feeding activities of secondary producers. On the whole, chlorophyll and phaeophytin were responsible for nearly 45 and 55% variation in APA (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, n = 16), respectively. Total bacterial count (TBC) was responsible for 32% (p < 0.05, n = 16) and total viable direct counts-aerobic (TVCa) for 24% (p < 0.05, n = 16) APA variation. About 38% (p < 0.01, n = 20) variation of APAwas linked to chlorophyll at noon and 22% (p < 0.001, n = 20) to PPB at dawn. Thus, it is possibile that bacteria and chlorophyll/phytoplankton could be responsible for variation in APA, with the latter contribution greater than the former at noon. Such studies would help to profile the fertility of coastal waters in terms of bioavailable Pi. Laboratory experiments are underway to help us discern the extent of light-dependent contribution of chlorophyll/phytoplankton to APA and light independent participation of bacteria to the process.

15

Average nutrient and chlorophyll distributions in the western Mediterranean : RADMED Project

García-Martínez María del Carmen, Vargas-Yáñez Manuel, Moya Francina, Santiago Rocío, Muñoz María, Reul Andreas, Ramírez Teodoro, Balbín Rosa

Oceanologia

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2019

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No. 61 (1)

143--169

EN

Because of its reduced dimensions and its location, surrounded by three continents, the Mediterranean Sea could be especially vulnerable to climate change effects. An increase of the water column stratification could inhibit winter mixing and reduce the frequency and intensity of convection processes which inject nutrients into the photic layer and are responsible for the ventilation of deep waters. In this context, the long-term monitoring of the Mediterranean waters is a basic task. The RADMED project is a monitoring program that covers the waters from the eastern side of the Gibraltar Strait to the Catalan and Balearic Seas. This project was initiated in 2007, merging some previous programs, some of them initiated in 1992. The main objective of this project is to establish average distributions, ranges of variability and long-term trends for physical, and biochemical variables which could be considered as indicative of the environment al state of the sea. The present work analyses nutrient, chlorophyll and oxygen time series from 2007 to 2015 in some cases and from 1992 in other cases. The current analyses show a clear trop hic gradient in the RADMED area. Nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations and the intensity of the deep chlorophyll maximum decrease northeastward. The deep chlorophyll maximum depth increases to the northeast. The Balearic and Catalan Seas show a clear seasonal pattern with maximum surface concentrations for nutrients and chlorophyll in winter/spring, associated with winter mixing. On the contrary, the Alboran Sea does not show such a clear seasonal cycle, probably because of the existence of permanent upwelling processes acting along the whole year. The Atlantic Water occupying the upper part of the water column shows a Redfield N:P ratio close to or lower than 16, indicating no phosphorus limitation. Finally, chlorophyll concentrations seem to have increased from 1992 to 2015 in the Alboran Sea, while no long term changes could be established for the rest of the variables and geographical areas.

16

Visual Quality and Morphological Responses of Rosemary Plants to UV-B Radiation and Salinity Stress

Hamidi-Moghaddam Abolghasem, Arouiee Hossein, Moshtaghi Nasrin, Azizi Majid, Shoor Mahmoud, Sefidkon Fatemeh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

34--43

EN

In order to understand the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and salinity stress on the visual quality and morphological parameters, one-year-old seedlings of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were grown under three UV-B levels (0, 4.32, 6.05 kJ m-2 d-1) and four salinity regimes (Control, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that enhanced UV-B radiation increased visual quality, growth index, plant biomass, shoot/root ratio, number of branches and leaves, leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf area index, specific leaf area, leaf thickness. The UV-B radiation had no significant effect on root length; however, shoot height, length of axillary shoots, length of inter node, leaf area, leaf length and width and concentration of chlorophyll b were negatively impacted by the UV-B radiation. On the other hand, salinity caused a significant decrease in plant biomass, root length, shoot height, shoot/root ratio, length of axillary shoots, length of inter node, number of branches and leaf area, leaf area index, leaf length and width, leaf fresh and dry weight, specific leaf area and concentration of Photosynthetic pigments. However, the number leaves and leaf thickness significantly increased under NaCl salinity treatments. Visual quality and growth index were hardly affected by increasing salinity until 100 mM, but declined clearly at 150 mM NaCl salinity. The interaction between UV-B irradiation and salinity showed that pre-treatment with UV-B irradiation alleviated the harmful effects of NaCl and improved the visual quality rosemary plants.

17

Wpływ biostymulatora Asahi SL na aktywność fotosyntetyczną wybranych odmian Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Michałek W., Kocira A., Findura P., Szparaga A., Kocira S.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2018

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Tom 20, cz. 2

1286--1301

PL

W uprawie roślin często występują czynniki stresogenne, które wpływają na ograniczenie intensywności procesu fotosyntezy, co z kolei może powodować spadek wielkości i jakości plonu roślin. W takich przypadkach uzasadnione staje się stosowanie biostymulatorów w celu poprawy wielkości i jakości uzyskiwanych płodów rolnych, przy jednoczesnym braku negatywnego oddziaływania na środowisko naturalne. W związku z powyższym w prezentowanej pracy analizowano wpływ biostymulatora Asahi SL na efektywność aparatu fotosyntetycznego fasoli zwykłej Phaseolus vulgaris L. Badania polowe zostały przeprowadzone w 2013 i 2014 roku, na dwóch odmianach fasoli, powszechnie uprawianych w Polsce i przetwarzanych przez przemysł spożywczy. Odmiana Aura – posiada białe nasiona a Toska – czerwone. W sezonach wegetacji przeprowadzono dwa pomiary fotosyntetycznej aktywności liści rośliny fasoli (liście z sześciu roślin z każdego poletka): pomiar I – tydzień po pierwszym zastosowaniu biostymulatora; II pomiar – tydzień po drugim zastosowaniu biostymulatora. W przypadku pojedynczego opryskiwania drugi pomiar przeprowadzono w drugim terminie na odpowiednim etapie rozwoju rośliny. W przeprowadzonych badaniach z fasolą podjęto próbę oceny wydajności aparatu fotosyntetycznego przez pomiar niektórych parametrów fluorescencji chlorofilu po dolistnej aplikacji biostymulatora Asahi SL. Aktywność fotosyntetyczną roślin określono przez pomiar indukcji fluorescencji chlorofilu przy pomocy fluorymetru. Oznaczono następujące parametry w stanie adaptacji ciemniowej: Fv/Fm – maksymalna sprawność fotosystemu PS II. Natomiast w stanie adaptacji do światła zmierzono: DF/Fm’ – efektywna wydajność fotosystemu PS II, współczynnik fotochemicznego qP oraz niefotochemicznego qN wygaszania fluorescencji. Wyniki uzyskane z przeprowadzonych doświadczeń polowych wskazują na wielokierunkowy wpływ biostymulatora Atonik na aktywność fotosyntetyczną roślin doświadczalnych, o czym świadczą niższe wartości niektórych parametrów indukcji fluorescencji chlorofilu (FC) w porównaniu z serią kontrolną. Ponadto zaobserwowano, że fasola traktowana roztworem Asahi SL charakteryzowała się większą sprawnością fotosyntetyczną, o czym świadczy wzrost rzeczywistej wydajności fotochemicznej związanej z efektywnością transportu elektronów (DF/Fm’). Jednakże nie we wszystkich kombinacjach zaobserwowano wzrost tego parametru w porównaniu z kontrolą. W warunkach przeprowadzonych badań odmiana Aura charakteryzowała się lepszą sprawnością aparatu fotosyntetycznego. Świadczą o tym między innymi wartości współczynnika fotochemicznego wygaszania fluorescencji chlorofilu (qP). Ponadto badania wykazały także, że tendencja wzrostowa współczynnika qNu odmiany Aura nie wystąpiła tylko po dwukrotnej aplikacji biostymulatora na rośliny fasoli. Identyczną tendencję stwierdzono u odmiany Toska po dwukrotnym opryskiwaniu roślin 0,1% roztworem Asahi SL. W przeprowadzonym doświadczeniu stwierdzono większy wzrost wartości wskaźnika wygaszania niefotochemicznego u roślin odmiany Toska w porównaniu z odmianą Aura.

EN

In cultivation of plants, stress factors often occur, which affect the limitation of the intensity of the photosynthesis process, which in turn may cause a decrease in the size and quality of the plant yield. In such cases, it is justified to use biostimulants to improve the size and quality of the obtained crops, with no negative impact on the natural environment. Therefore, the presented work analyzed the effect of the Asahi SL biostimulant on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus of Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean. Field research was carried out in 2013 and 2014, for two varieties of beans commonly grown in Poland and processed by the food industry, Aura – white seeds and Toska – red seeds. In the growing seasons two measurements of photosynthetic activity of the bean plant leaves (leaves from six plants from each plot) were carried out: measurement I – the week after the first use of the biostimulant; II measurement – a week after the second application of the biostimulator. In the case of a single spray, the second measurement was carried out at the second stage of the plant's development. In the studies with beans, an attempt was made to assess the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus by measuring some parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence after the foliar application of the Asahi SL biostimulant. The photosynthetic activity of plants was determined by measuring the fluorescence induction of chlorophyll using a fluorimeter. The following parameters were marked in the darkroom adaptation state: Fv / Fm – maximum efficiency of the PS II phototype. Whereas, in the state of light adaptation, the following measurements were measured: DF/Fm’ – effective performance of the PS II photosystem, photochemical qP and non-chemical qN quenching of fluorescence. The results obtained from the field experiments indicate the multidirectional effect of the Asahi SL biostimulant on the photosynthetic activity of experimental plants, as evidenced by the lower values of some parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (FC) induction as compared to the control series. In addition, it was observed that beans treated with Asahi SL solution were characterized by greater photosynthetic efficiency, as evidenced by the increase in real photochemical efficiency related to the efficiency of electron transport (DF/Fm’). However, not all the combinations showed an increase in this parameter compared to the control. In the conditions of the tests, it was found that the Aura cultivar was characterized by a better efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. This is evidenced, among others, by the photochemical coefficient of quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (qP). In addition, the studies also showed that the upward trend in the qura coefficient of the Aura cultivar did not occur only after the biostimulant application for bean plants was applied twice. The identical trend was found in the Toska cultivar after spraying the plants with 0.1% Asahi SL solution twice. In the conducted experiment, a higher increase in the non-chemical quenching index was observed in Toska cultivars in comparison with the Aura cultivar.

18

Air-Water Interface in an Estuarine Lake : Chlorophyll and Nutrient Enrichment

Antonowicz J. P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 3

205--216

EN

The surface water microlayer (SML) is a thin layer found at the interface of the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. It is capable of accumulating chemical substances and microorganisms at a rate as high as 100-fold greater than that observed in the subsurface water. The rate of accumulation of biogens and chlorophyll a in SML of an estuary, where marine and fresh waters mix, varies considerably and it depends on the degree mixing of these waters, which is manifested in the varying values of the enrichment factor (EF, calculated as the ratio of nutrients concentration in SML versus subsurface water). The influence of the Baltic Sea marine water and the freshwater Łeba River inflows on the estuarine Lake Łebsko (Poland) was examined. Nine sampling sites were located in the estuary. Water samples were collected from two layers: the surface microlayer (thickness 242 µm ± 40) and the subsurface water (15 cm depth). The capacity of the SML to enrich the water in nutrients and chlorophyll differed among various parts of the estuary, as well as between seawater and river waters. Statistically significant higher EF were found in the marine waters than in river waters for the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds as well as chlorophyll. There were also differences in EF between marine and lake waters. The highest EF were also recorded for organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in marine water. Most probably, marine flux into the estuarine Lake Łebsko, resulted in the increased EF for these investigated components.

19

Short-term changes in phytoplankton assemblages and their potential for heavy metal bioaccumulation : a laboratory study

Hussian A. E. M., Abd El-Monem A. M., Napiórkowska-Krzebietke A., Flefil N. S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 3

260--274

EN

This study focused on phytoplankton changes in polluted waters of Lake Manzala and the assessment of heavy metal bioaccumulation capacity during the 15-day laboratory experiment. Phytoplankton samples were analyzed every day and the concentration of zinc, iron and lead in water, in phytoplankton and in filtrate – every fifth day of the experiment. Significantly higher phytoplankton abundance was recorded in water from the El-Boom station (basin I) compared to the New Bahr El-Baqar drain (basin II), followed by distinct differences in its composition and chlorophyll content. However, the most abundant species were the same in both basins, i.e. Chroococcus minor, Microcystis aeruginosa, Actinoptychus octonarius, Aulacoseira granulata, Pantocsekiella ocellata, Kirchneriella obesa and Nephrocytium limneticum. Water in basin I was more polluted with heavy metals compared to basin II. Basin I was characterized by the dominance of cyanobacteria and high relative abundance of chlorophytes compared to basin II, where either cyanobacteria and/or diatoms dominated in the phytoplankton. In the former basin, the highest uptake factors (UFs) were recorded for iron and zinc and the lowest UF for lead. In basin II, the highest UF was determined for zinc, but relatively high UFs were recorded also for iron and lead. The presented results suggest that phytoplankton can contribute to natural biosorbents of heavy metals in Egyptian lakes.

20

Impact of the Słupia River waters on microbial communities in the port of Ustka and adjacent Baltic Sea waters

Rychert K., Wielgat-Rychert M., Lemańczyk Ł.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 4

429--438

EN

The distribution of bacterial and ciliate abundance, ciliate community composition and other parameters were studied during summer along a transect from the mouth of the Słupia River to offshore waters (southern Baltic Sea). Bacteria were examined under an epifluorescence microscope and ciliates were observed under an inverted microscope. Two water masses were identified along the transect. Less saline waters in the river mouth and in the surface layer in the port of Ustka were characterized by high bacterial abundance (5.51–6.16 × 106 ml-1) and low ciliate abundance (0.34–0.90 cells ml-1). More saline waters in the near-bottom zone in the port of Ustka and in the surface layer outside the port contained smaller numbers of bacteria (0.99–2.14 × 106 ml-1) and larger numbers of ciliates (2.65–5.40 cells ml-1). The differences were statistically significant. The separation of the two water masses indicated that the Słupia River exerted a minor impact on the marine waters. The ciliate community composition changed along the transect studied. The main statistically significant difference observed was the low contribution of oligotrichs and choreotrichs to ciliate biomass (3–4%) in less saline waters and their dominance (45–80% of ciliate biomass) in more saline waters.