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EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to capture the changes taking place in terms of capturing innovations, as well as the types of innovations emerging from them, characteristic of two research streams: classical and contemporary. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology applied in the article refers to the methodological canon of management sciences, including, among others, conceptual-theoretical research methodology. On their basis, a critical analysis of foreign and Polish literature on the subject in the field of management science, partly marketing and economics, was carried out. At the same time, a descriptive method and a comparative method were used to interpret and analyze the collected material. Findings: Significant changes taking place in the definition and classification of innovations by selected representatives of the studied currents were recognized. Significant factors causing these changes were identified, as well as the new values that appear in them. On this basis, it was shown that the understanding of innovation is significantly expanded over the years, because of which it should be considered incomplete. This justifies the continuing need to analyze emerging approaches and types of innovation. Research limitations/implications: The analysis of the subject matter in the proposed methodological approach makes it possible to systematize the knowledge of innovation in terms of defining the category "innovation" and its typology. Thus, it increases the recognition of the changes that accompany them. The important role of the factor of time, environment, information technology, values, and new needs of the recipients of innovations in the studied process is recognized. Originality/value: Deepening and updating the knowledge of defining categories of innovation and their classification. Evaluation of progressive changes in the scope of the concepts studied.
EN
This paper considers some aspects of the way historic public space is understood in England, drawing on a selection of relevant guidance and research published by Historic England. This builds a picture of the way public spaces are dealt with in official heritage publications in England, and how this relates (or not) to international thinking, particularly the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach. This is followed by some reflections on figure-ground mapping, which leads into a brief discussion of the ’Townscape’ campaign of The Architectural Review. The paper concludes with some reflections on the implications for conservation more broadly of seeing the city in terms of cultural landscape.
3
Content available Managing the Intellectual Capital of an Organization
EN
The article - based on the research - emphasizes the importance of employees in a modern organization that functions in an extremely volatile and at the same time demanding environment. Variability, combined with the processes of internationalization of a number of phenomena and requirements resulting from the Industrial Revolution 4.0, directly forces the need for continuous improvement of competences by the company’s staff. On the other hand, managers should rationally use their intellectual potential in order to strengthen their position on the market and dominate the competition. It is essential to take actions aimed at encouraging employees to invest in themselves. Then there will be a mutual benefit: for a specific person and company for which he works. Creating a climate for acquiring knowledge will make an organization a learning and successful business organization. In such a company, intellectual capital management will become a process where any employee will be treated subjectively, and will be a co-creator of the success of his/her organization.
EN
In England, accessibility to historic buildings falls under the Equality Act 2010, for which a key concept is the making of ‘reasonable adjustments’ to physical features of a building; this acknowledges that a blanket application of technical requirements would be detrimental to some historic buildings, and that equal access may not be achievable in every case. This paper approaches accessibility in historic buildings in England from two angles. The first is a consideration of two separate guidance documents, from Historic England and from the Church of England respectively; each document is outlined, offering points of comparison with guidance in other jurisdictions. One consistent theme in these documents is the positive framing of accessibility as of benefit not only for those with disabilities, but also for all users and potentially for the heritage itself. The second aspect of the paper comprises three case study projects from my own practice, spread across a range of building types, ages, and grades of protection, which together demonstrate by example some of what is currently considered possible in England, and illustrate how practice relates to policy and guidance. The paper ends by briefly reflecting on what light accessibility policy might shed on some broader questions of heritage concern.
PL
W Anglii dostępność budynków zabytkowych podlega Ustawie o równości z 2010 roku, dla której kluczowym pojęciem jest dokonywanie "rozsądnych zmian" w fizycznych cechach budynku; ustawa uznaje, że powszechne stosowanie wymagań technicznych byłoby szkodliwe dla niektórych budynków zabytkowych i że równy dostęp może nie być osiągalny w każdym przypadku. Niniejszy artykuł podchodzi do kwestii dostępności w budynkach zabytkowych w Anglii z dwóch punktów widzenia. Pierwszym z nich jest rozważenie dwóch odrębnych dokumentów zawierających wytyczne, odpowiednio od Historic England i Church of England; każdy z nich jest przedstawiony w zarysie, oferując punkty porównania z wytycznymi w innych jurysdykcjach. Jednym ze spójnych tematów w tych dokumentach jest pozytywne ujęcie dostępności jako korzyści nie tylko dla osób niepełnosprawnych, ale także dla wszystkich użytkowników i potencjalnie dla samego dziedzictwa. Drugi aspekt artykułu obejmuje trzy projekty studium przypadku z mojej własnej praktyki, obejmujące różne typy budynków, wiek i stopnie ochrony, które razem pokazują na przykładach to, co obecnie uważa się za możliwe w Anglii i ilustrują, jak praktyka odnosi się do polityki i wytycznych. Artykuł kończy się krótką refleksją nad tym, jakie światło polityka dostępności może rzucić na pewne szersze kwestie związane z dziedzictwem.
EN
The article deals with various issues related to changes, mainly resistance to them. Basic premises of transformations and doubts that may appear among the organization’s personnel have been discussed. Not only the issues concerning the resistance itself have been included, but also the reasons that determine its intensity and several methods that may be used in practice have been mentioned as well. The study is the result of materials analysis on the aspects of changes determinants and resistance to transformations that are permanently integrated into the functioning of each organization, also strongly hierarchical, which is the army.
EN
In the study the author presented the adjustments implemented by various business entities operating within the retail industry and their impact on the competitiveness of reviewed discount stores. The companies analysed are considered as key players within the Polish retail market classified by the number of shops in each shop chain, number of customers attracted (also known as market penetration) and income from sales. Before the study, the author performed a literature search. In the first part of the article, the readers can find information presenting the operational background - a number of definitions, such as retailing and black swan, have been adduced to introduce the topic. Subsequently, the writer describes the scale of unexpected incidents affecting specific parts of society. Next paragraphs highlight the consumer trends of 2022 and their influence on customers. Furthermore, the author of the study presents the advantages of retail and market structure based on the size of outlets. In the last part, the readers can learn about the activities taken by several companies (Biedronka, Lidl, Netto, Aldi and Żabka) in recent years that created a difference in the results achieved by them.
7
Content available Architektura i zmiana
PL
Różnorodne przemiany, jakie w kulturze i technice nastąpiły w ciągu ostatniego półwiecza, w sposób bardzo istotny wpłynęły na nasze poglądy dotyczące wielu aspektów życia. Jako wytwór kultury architektura kształtowana jest przez te same procesy. Dopasowuje się zatem, w sposób naturalny, do zachodzących zmian. W tak szerokim wachlarzu zagadnień szczególnie interesujące wydaje się prześledzenie zmiany w samym postrzeganiu i definiowaniu zjawiska „zmiany”. Z przyczyn oczywistych w ramach niniejszego artykułu nie jest możliwe dogłębne opisanie tej problematyki, a jedynie jej zasygnalizowanie. Wskazanie jedynie zagadnień stanowiących ciekawy temat do potencjalnych badań, zarówno jakościowych (analitycznych i empirycznych), jak i źródłowych. Z tych też względów tekst ukierunkowany jest raczej na próbę wskazania pewnych, wybranych źródeł zjawiska. Nie stanowi zaś, bo nie może, kompleksowego i dogłębnego jego opisu. Jest też próbą uchwycenia procesu leżącego u podstaw zagadnienia, a nie szczegółową prezentacją jego wyników i stworzonych dla niego narzędzi, wykorzystywanych w projektowaniu i budowie obiektów oraz efektów ich zastosowania.
EN
The changes that have taken place in culture and technology over the last half-century have significantly influenced our views on many aspects of life. As a product of culture, architecture is naturally shaped by these processes, adjusting to the changes taking place. Considering such a wide range of issues, it seems particularly interesting to trace the perception of the phenomenon of "change" itself. Within the scope of this article, it is not possible, for obvious reasons, to describe this phenomenon in depth. It is only possible to indicate the issues that potentially constitute, as mentioned, an interesting research topic, both qualitative - analytical and empirical - as well as source. Therefore, the following text is aimed at an attempt to indicate sources rather than a description of the visible manifestations of the phenomenon. It is an attempt to capture the underlying process rather than the tools used in the design and construction of objects and the effects of their use.
8
Content available The role of change in enterprises during the crisis
EN
Purpose: Drawing attention to some positive aspects caused by the pandemic in the area of business management and presenting skilful change management, the application of new technologies and the use of flexibility as a way to survive and emerge from the crisis. Design/methodology/approach: The study was developed on the basis of a critical analysis of the literature, and due to the topicality of the subject matter, on the basis of numerous press publications and internet sources. Findings: The considerations presented in this paper have shown that adaptive change, the implementation of new technologies and flexibility are the factors that will allow the enterprise to survive the crisis. Practical implications: Although the presented considerations are theoretical in nature, they are supported by the results of research that was conducted on the Polish market. They can be useful in practice for managers of various enterprises. They show what behaviours can help enterprises to survive in a crisis situation. Social implications: Presenting the ways of dealing with the crisis can have multi-faceted beneficial socio-economic consequences. The survival of enterprises in the conditions of the crisis is important both for the state and for the society. Originality/value: The study shows that despite the entire scale of problems and negative effects caused by the pandemic, there are also some situations that can be assessed positively. Flexibility and effective implementation of changes that were not planned before in some enterprises and the use of new technologies that helped companies to survive this difficult time are an example here.
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to systematize knowledge about organizations' relationships with their stakeholders and to highlight the connection and impact that managing these relationships and functioning in their network can have on them: an organization's capacity for innovation, change management efficiency and competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach: Approach to the subject of the paper is theoretical in its first part and in the second one is based on the case study methodology conducted in chosen organization in Poland. On the basis of the literature, the basic variables influencing the accumulation of effects that can be achieved by an organization that effectively uses the synergy of all mentioned phenomena have been analysed. The examples of organizations in Poland applying such activities in the current economic situation were cited. Findings: Organisations which deal with difficult market situation should flexibly: use support from their stakeholders, take the risk of innovation and using both of the above try to implement and manage necessary changes efficiently and quickly. All these phenomena as well as the way of dealing with them make coping with hard situation easier. Practical implications: Article’s analysis and general view confirmes the significant economic and business impact on maintaining and increasing the competitive advantage of organizations using all mentioned phenomena to deal with difficulties of global market. Mentioned positive practical effects on enterprises prove how high the potential is created as a result of combining management of relations with stakeholders on competitiveness, innovation and the ability to manage organizational change. Originality/value: The interactions and effects of the impact on the organization of: stakeholders relations, networks and change management – that have already been scientifically described many times were emphasized because only in a few sectors of the economy their’ coexistence and its effects on the organization are clearly visible, observable and possible to describe.
EN
Steve Jobs said that future should not be sought in official and main trends in the development of technical thought but in niche projects, experimental solutions that are not a part of „mainstream”; in ideas that are not obvious and seem absurd or illogical at first glance. Do the wish to prove that the impossible is within our reach let the design conditions change and adjust the direction of creative thinking so that they meet the expectations of clients and inverstors. The purpose of this paper is to attract attention to the necessity of changing the way nursery buildings are perceived and imagined – as space limited by permanent architectural barriers in which typical processes of cyclical character and didactic activities in linear schemes occur.
PL
Steve Jobs powiedział, iż przyszłości nie należy szukać w oficjalnych i głównych nurtach rozwoju myśli technicznej lecz w niszowych projektach, rozwiązaniach eksperymentalnych będących poza tzw. „mainstreamem”. W zakamarkach i wydających się na pierwszy rzut oka absurdach oraz niedorzecznościach. Czy chęć udowodnienia, iż niemożliwe jednak jest w naszym zasięgu pozwoli na zmianę uwarunkowań projektowych i zmieni kierunek myśli kreatywnych w celu zaspakajania oczekiwań użytkowników i inwestorów. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zwrócenie uwagi na konieczność zmiany odbioru i wyobrażenia, w powszechnej świadomości, budynku żłobka jako wydzielonej przestrzeń ograniczonej przegrodami stałymi, w której zachodzą typowe procesy o charakterze cyklicznym oraz działania dydaktyczne w liniowych schematach.
11
Content available A manager in the times of international management
EN
Globalization processes and internationalization of business activities have an impact on management issues. Conducting business activity in the supra-national dimension forces the need for a different view of perceiving a number of phenomena. These issues are strongly emphasized by the authors in their article. They emphasize not only the complexity of the process of making managerial decisions, but also the need, even the necessity, of continuous improvement of competences by persons holding managerial functions. The study emphasizes the necessity of analysing the environment, as well as forecasting the development of the situation, especially in the longer term. In the presented description, the authors go beyond the conventional description, adding new issues and threads, emphasizing in particular the growing role of human capital in managing organizations, and - which has not been clearly emphasized - their deliberations focus on the European economic area.
EN
Purpose: The aim of the presented research is to identify conditions of change process in city councils in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: In order to complete the research objective, the survey method was used. This method uses a targeted selection technique. It has been assumed that the selection of councils of cities in which the number of inhabitants exceeds 20,000, allows for the implementation of the research objective. Findings: The obtained results indicate that there is a strong conviction among the respondents about the awareness of the change process dynamics and finding their way in such a complex environment. Changes prepared and implemented by city councils make use of the achievements of modern management science, which is clearly indicated by the solutions used by them that activate participants of changes. Research limitations/implications: The basic limitation of the conducted study and the recommendation for future research is the measurement of the concept at many levels of the organizational hierarchy and among different groups of respondents. Originality/value: The article deepens the understanding of the change management process in city halls in Poland.
EN
Dry marginal agricultural land (DryMAL) potentially use as an alternative resource for crop production. DryMAL defined as land having low natural fertility due to its intrinsic properties and forming environmental factors. This study uses Sentinel-2A imagery to map the spatial extent, compare the result of the classification, and identify the change in DryMAL occupation. The area of study (461.9 km2) is part of Situbondo Regency and is located at the eastern part of East Java, Indonesia. Sentinel-2A image captured in dry-season of 2018 use for this study. Then, supervised image classification using a maximum likelihood algorithm use for image treatment and processing. Furthermore, 450 ground control points for training areas collected during the field surveys. Five bands use in the classification process. The maps produced from the classification process were then compared to the land-use map from the year 2000. The change in DryMAL occupation from 2000 to 2018 was calculated by comparing the classified and land-use map. Supervised classification yielded an overall accuracy of 95.8% and a kappa accuracy of 93.2%. The classification produced six (6) classes of land use: (1) forest, (2) pavement or built-up area, (3) irrigated paddy field, (4) non-irrigated rural area, (5) dry marginal land and (6) water body. Globally, during the last two decades, regional development led by the Regency occupied more DryMAL area for developing plantation. The effort reduces the amount of non-irrigated and converting to the plantation, pavement areas, and irrigated paddy-field.
EN
The main aim of the work is to present legal procedures related to the transformation of agricultural land into non-agricultural land in Poland. Based on the analysis of selected legal regulations, activities and steps to be taken to start non-agricultural land use have been described. Both stages related to the transformation, i.e. change of land use and exclusion of land from agricultural production, have been extensively discussed. Interpretation of selected legal regulations made it possible to organize information on the procedure for transforming agricultural land into non-agricultural purposes. Moreover, on the basis of selected statistical data, the legal aspect has been supplemented with information on the current level of conversion of agricultural land in Poland.
PL
Podstawowym celem pracy jest przedstawienie procedur prawnych związanych z przekształcaniem gruntów rolnych na cele nierolnicze w Polsce. Na podstawie analizy obowiązujących regulacji prawnych wskazano i opisano czynności, jakie należy podjąć, aby móc rozpocząć nierolnicze użytkowanie gruntu. Omówiono zarówno zmianę przeznaczenia gruntów, jak również wyłączenie gruntów z produkcji rolnej. Interpretacja wybranych przepisów prawa umożliwiła uporządkowanie procedury przekształcania gruntów rolnych na cele nierolnicze. Dodatkowo, na podstawie wybranych danych statystycznych, aspekt prawny uzupełniono informacjami na temat aktualnego poziomu „odralniania” gruntów w Polsce.
PL
Budownictwo w sektorze energetycznym często związane jest ze znacznie większymi potencjalnymi konsekwencjami zniszczenia i potrzebą zachowania użytkowalności obiektów. Wynika to z potrzeby zapewnienia niezawodności systemu, a nie tylko jego poszczególnych elementów. W tym kontekście przedstawiono i omówiono nadchodzące zmiany w drugiej generacji europejskich norm dotyczących projektowania konstrukcji (Eurokodów). Najważniejsza ze zmian, wprowadzenie zróżnicowania poziomu niezawodności, została omówiona w kontekście jej wpływu na projektowanie z wykorzystaniem współczynników częściowych i zaproponowanego systemu zarządzania jakością. Na koniec omówiono niektóre ze zmian w normie Eurokod 7 Projektowanie geotechniczne, gdyż ta norma została poddana największym modyfikacjom.
EN
Civil engineering in the power industry is often associated with much higher potential consequences of failure as well as the need for maintaining serviceability. It stems from the need of ensuring the reliability for the system rather than only its parts. In this context, upcoming changes in the second generation of European structural design codes (Eurocodes) are presented and discussed. The most important one, reliability differentiation, is discussed in the context of its impact on the design using partial factors as well as the implementation of the quality management system. In the end, some additional changes in Eurocode 7 “Geotechnical design” are discussed, as this standard is undergoing the most significant evolution.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony zagadnieniu widoczności sygnałów świetlnych nadawanych przez sygnalizatory kolejowe i wskaźniki stosowane na liniach kolejowych zarządzanych przez PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. Zostały przedstawione zasady widoczności związane ze stawnością sygnalizacji oraz wynik analizy wymagań zawartych w przepisach i zasad stosowanych przez projektantów w kraju i za granicą. Omówiono genezę standardu sygnalizacji OSŻD i określone w ramach tego standardu długości dróg związanych z widocznością. Na podstawie wniosków ze zgromadzonego materiału zostały zaproponowane zmiany w wytycznych wyznaczania odległości, z której sygnał na sygnalizatorach kolejowych powinien być widoczny i czytelny oraz zasad postrzegania tego sygnału przez kierującego pojazdem trakcyjnym w trakcie zbliżania się do sygnalizatora.
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of visibility of light signals transmitted by railway signals and indicators used on railway lines managed by PKP (Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. company). Visibility rules related to signalling combination and the result of the analysis of the requirements contained in regulations and principles applied by designers in Poland and abroad were presented. The genesis of the OSJD signalling standard and the visibility road lengths defined under this standard were discussed. Based on the conclusions of the collected material, changes were proposed in the guidelines for determining the distance from which the signal on railway signals should be visible and legible and the principles of perception of this signal by the train driver when approaching the signal.
EN
In the paper, in an interdisciplinary way, an attempt was made to define the term "social innovation" in the context of strengthening active social policy and community organising. It appears that multifaceted tendencies and changes in the development of technological and social innovations determine the need to take into account numerous tasks, functions, needs, determinants and systematic efforts to ensure that community inhabitants have good living and development conditions.
EN
The paper is a presentation of the overview on the problem of innovation and innovativeness in enterprises located in the Upper-Silesian Region. The author demonstrates that the phenomenon of innovation is inseparably connected with the notion of change, novelty, reform or an idea perceived as new. What differentiates innovation from change is its influence on competitiveness, as well as on accrued benefits and economic and social effects. Each innovation is a change, but not each change is an innovation. The paper presents a part of the results from qualitative research conducted amongst the graduates of the Silesian technical and economic universities who work in the marketing departments, but also directly deal with innovation implementation in various enterprises and science and research institutes. The objective of research is to diagnose the graduates’ level of knowledge, emotional attitudes and behaviors towards the problem of innovation and innovativeness and also to the accompanying notion of change in the enterprise.
19
Content available Future challenges towards sustainable healthcare
EN
The healthcare sector plays an important role in the economy of most developed countries. Change of demographic pattern, lack of resources, costs, feminisation of medicine, shortage of qualified pesonnel, good quality of life as well as affordable and satisfactory social well-being of employees, non-linear healthcare threats, increasing administrative processes and cybersecurity create serious challenges that need to be addressed in order to provide sustainable future of the healthcare.
PL
Jak powiedział Henry Ford „Wszystko można robić lepiej, niż robi się dzisiaj”, a zatem funkcjonowanie i rozwój każdego przedsiębiorstwa jest nierozerwalnie związane z koniecznością wprowadzania ciągłych zmian. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na próbie 20 przedsiębiorstw. Miały one na celu ocenę stanu obecnego w zakresie zachowania zasad bezpieczeństwa w trakcie wprowadzania zmian organizacyjno-technologicznych. Badania rozszerzono o analizę dokumentacji projektowej w celu zweryfikowania, czy zawiera ona aspekty związane z bezpieczeństwem pracy. Zweryfikowano również pod kątem aspektów związanych z bezpieczeństwem pracy oferty firm konsultingowych, wspierających przedsiębiorstwa w obszarze wprowadzania zmian.
EN
As Henry Ford once said, "Everything can always be done better than it is being done"13, and therefore the functioning and development of each enterprise is inextricably linked to the necessity of constant change. The article presents the results of research carried out on a sample of 20 companies aimed at assessing the current state in terms of maintaining safety rules during the implementation of organizational and technological changes. The research has been extended to the analysis of project documentation in order to verify whether it contains aspects related to work safety. Also, consulting companies supporting enterprises in the area of introducing changes were verified in terms of aspects related to work safety.
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