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EN
Over the years, electrochemical reactions have ceased to be seen only as laboratory experiments or simple batteries. Although the reaction mechanism and the construction of simple reactors have been known to mankind for over 100 years, it is in recent years that the greatest increase in interest in this field can be noted. New and better reactor construction projects are constantly being developed. Modifications are not only the types and forms of materialsfrom which the electrodes are made, but also the separation methods, the form of the electrolyte or the method of current flow. Such a wide range of innovations allowed for the development of new, more and more interesting applications for these processes. The presence of electrochemical methods can be seen in industry in the processes of obtaining chemical reagents, metals and more complex compounds, such as drugs, and also refining metals by galvanization. In addition, electrochemistry is used in many analytical instruments as a sensor, for example in pH measurements. The aspect of using electrochemical reactors for energy purposes as a source of electricity generation that does not emit harmful pollutants and does not require further use of fossil fuels is also becoming more and more important. In addition, thanks to electrolysis, there is also the possibility of generating hydrogen, which, apart from many other applications, is also starting to play an increasingly important role as a new, harmless fuel. One should also not forget about developing the possibility of wastewater treatment with greater efficiency than the existing treatment methods, especially of small amounts of compounds. This article aims to review both recently developed methods for the construction of electrochemical reactors, as well as their range of applications and the possibilities of further development of these methods.
2
Content available remote Waste management in Poland and in other EU countries
EN
The subject of publication includes basic information on the waste management in Poland as compared to other EU countries and on the selected post-consumer waste, occurring in Poland. In the paper, the problems of the waste accumulation on the landfills in Poland and in the EU and the threats, connected with this problem, have been presented. The factors, enabling the effective recycling process have been indicated. Frequent technological changes of the manufactured products and the increasing demand on the mentioned products requires a special approach to the process of their recycling in accordance with the requirement of the natural environment.
PL
Tematyka publikacji obejmuje podstawowe informacje o gospodarce odpadami w Polsce w porównaniu z krajami UE oraz wybranych odpadach poużytkowych występujące w Polsce. W artykule przedstawiono problem gromadzenia odpadów na składowiskach w Polsce i UE oraz niebezpieczeństwa z tym związane. Wskazano czynniki umożliwiające prowadzenie efektywnego procesu recyklingu. Częste zmiany technologiczne wytwarzanych produktów oraz zwiększający się na nie popyt wymaga szczególnego podejścia do procesu ich recyklingu, zgodnie z wymogami środowiska naturalnego.
EN
The Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) has become a vital research area in order to enhance passenger and road safety, increasing traffic efficiency and enhanced reliable connectivity. In this regard, for monitoring and controlling the communication between IoVs, routing protocols are deployed. Frequent changes that occur in the topology often leads to major challenges in IoVs, such as dynamic topology changes, shortest routing paths and also scalability. One of the best solutions for such challenges is “clustering”. This study focuses on IoVs’ stability and to create an efficient routing protocol in dynamic environment. In this context, we proposed a novel algorithm called Cluster-based enhanced AODV for IoVs (AODV-CD) to achieve stable and efficient clustering for simplifying routing and ensuring quality of service (QoS). Our proposed protocol enhances the overall network throughput and delivery ratio, with less routing load and less delay compared to AODV. Thus, extensive simulations are carried out in SUMO and NS2 for evaluating the efficiency of the AODV-CD that is superior to the classic AODV and other recent modified AODV algorithms.
EN
The most important feature of a GIS is its ability to perform spatial analysis, ie to process spatial (geographical) data in order to obtain information (reports) regarding the studied area. Through this feature of spatial analysis the GIS software differs to other software, such as CAD. The spatial analysis is the process of modeling, examination and interpretation of model results. Following the spatial analysis it can be extracted or created new information about a set of geographic data. This paper aims to treat two methods of raster spatial analysis, namely the raster spatial analysis and map algebra functions and the spatial analysis based on some statistical analysis: local, neighborhood, regional and global.
PL
Najważniejszą cechą GIS jest jego zdolność do wykonywania analiz przestrzennych, tj. do przetwarzania danych przestrzennych (geograficznych) w celu uzyskania informacji (raportów) dotyczących badanego obszaru. Dzięki funkcji analizy przestrzennej oprogramowanie GIS różni się od innych oprogramowań takich jak CAD. Analiza przestrzenna jest procesem modelowania, badania i interpretacji wyników modelu. Dzięki analizie przestrzennej można wyodrębnić lub utworzyć nową informację o zbiorze danych geograficznych. Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie dwóch metod analizy przestrzennej rastrowej, a mianowicie przestrzennej analizy rastrowej i funkcji algebry mapy oraz analizy przestrzenne na podstawie analizy statystycznej: lokalne, sąsiedzkie, regionalne i globalne.
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