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Thermodynamic Analysis of the Graphite Flake Formation of Low Manganese and Sulfur Gray Cast Iron

Reyes-Castellanos G., Cruz-Ramírez A., Colin-García E., Gutiérrez-Pérez V. H.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 1

249--258

EN

Low manganese and sulfur gray irons were produced by adding inoculant base Fe-Si with small amounts of Al and Ca in the ladle. The effect of the cast thickness, inoculant amount and shakeout time of the green sand molds were studied on the graphite flake formation by microscopically techniques. A thermodynamic analysis was carried out for the cast iron produced with the FactSage 7.2 software. Stability phase diagrams were obtained for both gray cast irons to different manganese (0.1 to 0.9 wt.%) and sulfur (0.01 to 0.12 wt.%) amounts to 1150°C. It was shown that lower amounts of manganese and sulfur allow forming the 3Al2O3·2SiO2, Al2O3, and ZrO2 solid compounds. The thermodynamic results match with those obtained by SEM-EDS. It is possible to form MnS particles in the liquid phase when the solubility product (%Mn) × (%S) equals 0.042 and 0.039 for heats A and B, respectively.

2

Semi-automatic count of hepatic stellate cells from microscopic in-vitro images by modeling elliptical nuclei

Bołdak C., Sadowski M., Jaroszewicz J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Białostockiej. Informatyka

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2008

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Z. 3

23-38

EN

A new method of semi-automatic liver cell counting is presented. Instead of segmenting the cells bodies (not regular and fragmented in some stages of the cells life) it localizes the cells nuclei which are bright, homogeneous and elliptical structures with darker body (body fragments) on their circumference. The nuclei are modeled by ellipses which can be found in two manners: by local region growing algorithm and by reconstruction of the ellipse equation from its contour points. The found ellipses set is then downsized (since all possible ellipses are initially considered) by eliminating the closest one to another and the worst ones by mean of a special fitness function. The method is implemented as a visual, multiplatform JAVA application, easy to use in the scientific every-day work. It is evaluated on real microscopic in-vitro images of the hepatic stellate cells.

PL

W artykule tym zaprezentowana jest nowa, półautomatyczna metoda zliczania komórek wątroby. Zamiast skupiać sięna ciałach komórek (w niektórych fazach ich życia nieregularnych i pofragmentowanych) lokalizuje ona ich jądra, które są jasnymi, jednolitymi i eliptycznymi strukturami otoczonymi przez ciemniejsze ciało (lub jego fragmenty). Jądra komórek są modelowane na 2 sposoby: przez lokalny algorytm rozrostu obszaru i przez odtworzenie równania elipsy z jej punktów na obwodzie.Wśród wszystkich znalezionych elips (początkowa każda jej potencjalna lokalizacja jest brana pod uwagę) wybierane są lokalnie najlepsze oraz te, których dopasowanie, mierzone specjalną funkcją, jest powyżej pewnego progu. Metoda została zaimplementowana jako graficzna, wieloplatformowa, przyjazna dla użytkownika aplikacja w języku JAVA. Jej działanie zostało ocenione na rzeczywistych mikroskopowych obraz in-vitro komórek wątroby.

3

Graphite nodule and cell count in cast iron

Fraś E., Górny M., Lopez H. F.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 7, iss. 3

47-52

EN

In this work, a model is proposed for heterogeneous nucleation on substrates whose size distribution can be described by the Weibull statistics. It is found that the nuclei density, N_[nuc�] can be given in terms of the maximum undercooling, [...]. When nucleation occurs on all the possible substrates, the graphite nodule density, N_V,n or eutectic cell density N_V after solidification equals N_s. In this work, measurements of N_V,n and N_V values were carried out on experimental nodular and flake graphite iron castings processed under various inoculation conditions. The volumetric nodule N_V,n or graphite eutectic cell N_V count, were estimated from the area nodule count, N_A,n or eutectic cell count N_A on polished cast iron surface sections by stereological means. In addition, maximum undercoolings [...]