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EN
Presently, we can learn and read more and more about hydrogen in both traditional and social media. The article answers why there is so much interest in hydrogen recently. It has been recognized by European and global decision-makers as a very promising medium necessary to carry out the climate and energy transformation. The advantages of hydrogen as a fuel and as a medium for storing large amounts of energy over a longer period of time is also presented. In addition, an overview of hydrogen technologies presented at the Hydrogen Technology Expo in Bremen in September 2023 is provided. The state of hydrogen technologies currently available on the market is compared to the latest achievements of scientists described in scientific articles. The aim of the article is to review the technologies available on the market for the production, storage and use of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel. Hydrogen technologies presented at the Hydrogen Expo in Bremen were confronted with the latest scientific achievements described in the latest scientific articles. Thanks to such a confrontation, it is possible to make a rational purchasing decision in the area of selected hydrogen technologies.
3
Content available Design and Simulation of Cyclic Battery Tester
EN
The paper presents an approach to the modelling of a cyclic battery tester and contains observations about lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, charging/discharging procedures, conditions and protections which must be observed during the testing process. The main goal was to create and simulate a schematic which will be capable of cyclically testing Li-ion battery cells. Regulation of the final schematic is based on cascade connections of operation amplifiers, which work as a voltage source with current-limiting functions. The power part is created by two MOSFETs connected as a half-bridge. This topology allows current to flow in both directions (from and to the battery). Final simulation is supplemented by protections such as reverse polarity protection, short circuit protection and overvoltage protection during charging. Proper operation of the whole connection is demonstrated by the simulation outputs in the final section.
EN
The paper present the results of work concerning the hardware and software integration of an industrial robot with the manufacturing cell simulator and the transport system, which are a part of laboratory of the Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems. The main goal was to enable the communication between the control devices, i.e. robot controller, PLC and distributed motion controllers. The paper also covers issues like the communication between the robot and personal computer, the development of the robot’s control algorithm and the control program for determining the position of the object on the transport pallet.
PL
Ogniwa do baterii litowo-jonowych, główny element składowy baterii do samochodów elektrycznych, stały się strategicznym towarem rynkowym. Popyt na baterie/ogniwa przewyższa podaż (rynek dostawcy), tworząc jeden z najszybciej rosnących globalnie rynków. Technologię ich masowej produkcji opanowały Chiny, Korea, Japonia oraz USA. Szacuje się, że Europa mado nadrobienia dystans ok. 10 lat.
EN
Industrial engineers gather knowledge during their bachelor studies through lectures and practical classes. The goal of practical class might be an extension of knowledge and/or a consolidation and application of already gathered knowledge. It is observed that there exists a gap between theory learnt during lectures and practical classes. If practical classes require holistic approach and solving complex tasks (problems), students strive with understanding relations and connections between parts of knowledge. The aim of this article is to show an example of a simple practical assignment that can serve as a bridge between lectures and practical classes through discussion of interactions and relations between parts of theoretical knowledge. It is an example of in-class simulating of a line and cellular layout considering discussion of elements impacting and impacted by the type of layout (e.g. learning curve, changeovers, etc.). In-class verification of the presented approach confirmed its usability for teaching industrial engineers and bridging the gap between theory delivered through lectures and more advanced practical classes.
EN
A thermal photovoltaic hybrid collector enables simultaneous electrical conversion of the solar radiation and recovery of heat absorbed by the cell. This energy cogeneration obviously yields the use of such systems which are very interesting in various fields. During the actual operation of the photovoltaic modules, the experimental characterization shows that the electrical efficiency decreases significantly with increasing temperature of the photovoltaic cells exposed to the sun. Our work focuses on an experimental study carried out in thermal transfer laboratory at the Faculty of Technology of the Tlemcen University, in order to analyze the effect of cell temperature, glazing on electrical performance, also the effect of the cooling of this cell.
PL
Badanie ogniw/akumulatorów jest jednym z kluczowych procesów dotyczących urządzeń w wykonaniu przeciwwybuchowym. Na ich podstawie dokonuje się oceny warunków i możliwości ich zastosowania. Bada się skłonność ogniw do gazowania i wycieku elektrolitu w trakcie zwarcia wewnętrznego, mierzy maksymalny prąd zwarcia i maksymalną temperaturę na powierzchni. W artykule przedstawiono trudności związane z prawidłowym prowadzeniem badań oraz wpływ konstrukcji stanowiska na wiarygodność uzyskanych wyników badań.
EN
Test cell/battery is one of the key processes relating to explosion-proof equipment. On this basis, we assess the conditions and possibilities of their use. It is examine the tendency of cells to gassing and leakage during inside short circuit, measures the maximum current and maximum temperature on the surface. The article shows the difficulties inherent to the correct conduct of the research and the impact of the test-stand construction on the credibility of the results obtained.
EN
In this work, a one dimensional approach is presented for modelling the effect of the incidence angle, varying from 0 rad to π/2 rad, and the intensity of radio waves on the performance of a polycrystalline silicon solar cell under constant multispectral illumination. By solving the continuity equation in steady state, we derived the expression of the density of excess minority carriers, the photocurrent density, the photovoltage, the electric power and their dependence on the incidence angle and the intensity of the electromagnetic field is analyzed. Using the electric power curves versus junction dynamic velocity we determined the electric power lost at the junction, the maximum electric power and we calculated the conversion efficiency for various incidence angle and intensity of the electromagnetic field. The leakage photocurrent density, deduced from the photocurrent density curves versus junction dynamic velocity, and the electric power lost at the junction allowed us to calculate the shunt resistance of the solar cell according to the incidence angle and the intensity of the electromagnetic field. The numerical data show the negative effect of radios waves on the performance of a silicon solar cell.
PL
Badanie ogniw/akumulatorów jest jednym z kluczowych procesów dotyczących urządzeń w wykonaniu przeciwwybuchowym. Na ich podstawie dokonuje się oceny warunków i możliwości ich zastosowania. Bada się skłonność ogniw do gazowania i wycieku elektrolitu w trakcie zwarcia wewnętrznego, mierzy maksymalny prąd zwarcia i maksymalną temperaturę na powierzchni. W artykule przedstawiono trudności związane z prawidłowym prowadzeniem badań oraz wpływ konstrukcji stanowiska na wiarygodność uzyskanych wyników badań.
EN
Test cell/battery is one of the key processes relating to explosion-proof equipment. On this basis, we assess the conditions and possibilities of their use. It is examine the tendency of cells to gassing and leakage during inside short circuit, measures the maximum current and maximum temperature on the surface. The article shows the difficulties inherent to the correct conduct of the research and the impact of the test-stand construction on the credibility of the results obtained.
EN
This article is devoted to solving the problem of single-seed sugar beet sowing with a pneumatic seeding device. As a result of experimental researches the influence of sowing device parameters equipped with an additional disk for quality sowing were defined.
12
Content available remote Strategies for the viability of rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries
EN
Purpose: Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as one of the most promising next-generation rechargeable batteries for electrical energy storage because of their high theoretical specific energy of ~ 2500 Wh kg-1, low production cost, and high abundance of sulfur. However, the high charge-storage capacity of sulfur cannot be effectively utilized due to the insulating nature of the active material and the easy migration of polysulfide intermediates from the cathode to the anode. In this research article, we describe a concise summary of two successful methods for solving the scientific problems and improving the Li-S cell performances. Design/methodology/approach: Successful strategies in addressing the scientific and engineering issues of Li-S cells can be divided into two major categories: (i) sulfur-based nanocomposites that improve the Li-S cell performance based on the cathode active material and (ii) cell configuration modifications that enhance the Li-S cell performance by adopting the materials nature of sulfur. Findings: Current technologies including nanocomposite development and cell configuration design have greatly ameliorated the overall electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries by improving the electrochemical utilization of sulfur and the retention rate of polysulfides. Research limitations/implications: The overcome the challenges of Li-S batteries, a fair balance has to be taken between (i) sulfur loading/content and cell performances, (ii) amount of active material and porosity of the matrix, and (iii) added weight from the modified cell components and energy density of the custom Li-S cells. Practical implications: The next step for the reality of commercial Li-S batteries might be (i) development of high-loading sulfur cathodes, (ii) anode configuration modification, and (iii) design of electrochemically stable electrolytes. Originality/value: A concise introduction of the development of the sulfur core in Li-S cells is provided.
EN
The purpose of this article is to provide-on the basis of the literature review—the current state of knowledge concerning the experimental and numerical studies of selected types of batteries. The authors focused their actions on batteries that could to be the base for an energy storage system possible to apply in hybrid shunting locomotive. Following standards, e.g. IEEE 1625, IEEE 1725, UL 1973 and UL 2271 were taken into consideration within the context of the experimental research. Numerical analysis based mostly on the original solutions proposed by research teams. In recent times, the significant growth of interest in hybrid vehicles can be observed. Therefore, appropriate design of the energy storage system for each case is necessary. Moreover, the battery working process in hybrid vehicles is very specific, hence determination of their working conditions depending on the vehicle application is required. Very often, the experimental studies related with the batteries are based on the parameters recorded during the test conducted during the regular operation of the vehicle. Furthermore, research teams also carry out numerical analysis based on e.g. the finite element method (FEM). Such analyses can be focused on the thermal analyses of single cell or cells, analyses of the electrochemical effects as well as a coupled electro-thermal analyses.
PL
Omówiono kształtowanie charakterystyk antenowych w celu poprawy pracy systemów radiotelekomunikacyjnych Wskazano możliwości wykorzystania anten adaptacyjnych i przykłady stacji bazowych, wykorzystujących rożne algorytmy adaptacyjne.
EN
The article shows issues shaping the characteristics of the antenna in order to improve the work of radio communication systems. The paper shows the possibility of using adaptive antennas and examples of base stations using different adaptive algorithms.
EN
At the present time, seven types of nitrogen oxide have been discovered and defined: Nitrogen oxide (I) (N2O) – nitrous oxide, also known as a laughing gas, Nitric oxide (II) (NO) – nitrogen monoxide, Nitrogen oxide (III) (N2O3), Nitrogen oxide (IV) (NO2) – nitrogen dioxide which may produce a dimer – N2O4 – dinitrogen tetroxide, Nitrogen oxide (V) (N2O5) – dinitrogen pentoxide, Nitrogen oxide (VI) (NO3) nitrogen trioxide – nitrate radical of a strong oxidizing effect, Nitrogen oxide (VII) (N2O6) – dinitrogen hexoxide – an unstable compound with a peroxide bond O2N-O-ONO2. Of the above compounds the one that is of the greatest significance from the point of view of medicine is nitric oxide (NO), hence it is the main focus of this work.
PL
Do chwili obecnej odkryto i opisano 7 tlenków azotu: Tlenek azotu (I) (N2O)- podtlenek azotu, tlenek di azotu, inaczej zwany gazem rozweselającym, Tlenek azotu (II) (NO) - monotlenek azotu, Tlenek azotu (III) (N2O3), Tlenek azotu IV (NO2) - dwutlenek azotu, który może tworzyć dimer- N2O 4 - czterotlenek azotu, Tlenek azotu (V) (N2O5) pięciotlenek di azotu, Tlenek azotu (VI) (NO3) trójtlenek azotu- rodnik azotanowy o silnym działaniu utleniającym, Tlenek azotu (VII) (N2O6)- sześciotlenek azotu - nietrwały związek z wiązaniem nadtlenkowym O2N-O-O-NO2. W medycynie największe znaczenie ma monotlenek azotu (NO) i jemu poświęcona jest niniejsza praca.
PL
Ogniwa paliwowe są nowoczesnym źródłem zasilania. W ostatnim czasie prowadzone są intensywne prace związane z zastosowaniem ogniw paliwowych w różnic aplikacjach. Jedną z tych aplikacji jest napęd małego bezzałogowego aparatu latającego Charakterystyka wyjściowa ogniwa paliwowego charakteryzuje się stosunkowo dużą zmiennością napięcia wyjściowego. Wymaga to dopasowania napięcia zasilającego silnik do możliwości ogniwa paliwowego oraz jego wydajności prądowej. W ramach niniejszej pracy przeprowadzono badania silników elektrycznych przewidzianych do napędu małego bezzałogowego aparatu latającego. Badania przeprowadzono przy zasilaniu ze źródła stabilizowanego oraz z ogniwa paliwowego dedykowanego do zasilania silnika elektrycznego.
EN
Fuel cells are a modern source of supply. An intensive works connected with application fuel cells in various application were recently conducted. One of this application is a drive of a small unmanned aerial vehicle. The output characteristic of fuel cell has relatively large variation of the output voltage. It cause the necessity to fit the supply voltage to possibilities of fuel cell and its current efficiency. Studies of electric motors intended to drive of small unmanned aerial vehicle were performed. Studies were performed by supply from stabilized source and from fuel cell intended to supply the electric motor.
EN
The aim of this study is the adaptation of the voxelization algorithm for the generation of regular computational meshes used in numerical models. The authors concentrate on solutions, which can be applied in a computer modeling of phenomena occurring in the foundry industry. The presented mesh generation process is the STL files based. This file format is generally used in the commercial simulation software. The basic voxelization algorithm extended with such functions as: the input data correctness control (virtual geometry), the formation of meshes consisting of several subdomains corresponding to individual elements of the foundry technology (mould, casting, core, feeder etc.) and the possibility of the mesh local refinement (adaptive grids), is presented in the hereby paper. The described solution is characterized by high efficiency and when combined with the proper numerical model can be successfully implemented in problems related to computer simulation of foundry processes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest adaptacja algorytmu voxelizacji do generowania regularnych siatek obliczeniowych dla modeli numerycznych. Autorzy koncentrują się na rozwiązaniach mogących mieć zastosowanie w komputerowym modelowaniu zjawisk występujących w przemyśle odlewniczym. Przedstawiony proces generowania siatki odbywa się z wykorzystaniem plików STL, które są powszechnie stosowane w komercyjnych programach symulacyjnych. W publikacji zaprezentowano bazowy algorytm wokselizacji uzupełniony o zagadnienia takie jak kontrola poprawności danych wejściowych (wirtualnej geometrii), tworzenie siatek składających się z wielu podobszarów odpowiadających poszczególnym elementom technologii odlewniczej (forma, odlew, rdzeń, nadlewy itp.) oraz możliwość lokalnego zróżnicowania kroku siatki (adaptive grids). Przedstawione w artykule rozwiązanie charakteryzuje się dużą efektywnością i w połączeniu z odpowiednim modelem numerycznym może być z powodzeniem zastosowane w komputerowej symulacji procesów odlewniczych.
18
Content available Urządzenia o sprawności ponad 100%
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kilka przykładów różnego rodzaju urządzeń, których sprawność przekracza 100%. W Internecie istnieje wiele tego typu przykładów lecz tylko nieliczne z nich są autentycznie udokumentowane badaniami i uzyskanymi na nie patentami. Mimo, że powstały niedawno, niektóre już znalazły zastosowanie w praktyce dając znaczne oszczędności energii w porównaniu do urządzeń klasycznych.
EN
In the article we show some appliance examples, which efficiency is over 100 %. In the internet we can find a lot of such appliances but only few of them are documentary and have got patents. Despite they were constructed recently some are now using, giving more energy safer than classic.
PL
Dokładne wymagania ekologiczne Typu 1851 nie zostały dotychczas poznane. Z obserwacji mikroskopowych wynika, iż czynnikami sprzyjającymi rozwojowi tego mikroorganizmu są przede wszystkim: niskie obciążenie, długi wiek osadu, jak również obecność niskocząsteczkowych, rozpuszczalnych, łatwo rozkładalnych substratów, takich jak na przykład cukry proste.
EN
So far, the ecological requirements of filamentous bacteria of the Type 1851 has not been well recognized. Up to date observations indicate that the main factors causing the development of this microorganism are: sludge loading levels < ca. 0.15 kg BOD/kg MLSS. day, long slugde age and the presence of low molecular compounds, soluble and degradable substrates such as carbohydrates (agro-industry treatment plants).
PL
W zależności od rodzaju oczyszczalni ścieków, bakteria nitkowata Typu 021N różni się kształtem swoich komórek, który może być szerszy w komunalnych oczyszczalniach lub węższy i dłuższy w przemysłowych. Może to być spowodowane niedoborem substancji odżywczych. Czasami można zaobserwować komórki krótkie krążkokształtne lub długie pałeczkowate. Możliwe jest występowanie wszystkich form pośrednich jednak najczęściej występują komórki prawie kwadratowe. Typ 021N łatwo pomylić z Typem 0041, Sphaerotilus natans, Thiotrix. Typ 0041 jest jednak Gram-dodatni, S. natans ma komórki innego kształtu, a Thiotrix reaguje wyraźnie dodatnio na test siarkowy.
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