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Manganese pebbles from Hochschartehöhlesystem (the Hoher Göll Massif, Austria) : insight into potential genesis and provenance

Kicińska Ditta, Michniewicz Jacek, Kubiak Michał

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2023

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Vol. 93, No. 2

211--223

EN

Heavy, black manganese pebbles have been found in the clastic sediments of the Hochschartehöhlensystem (the Northern Calcareous Alps). Six selected pebbles were subjected to X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and optical and electron microscopy analysis. The results reveal that the main component of the pebbles is manganese silicate, braunite, Mn2+Mn3+6(SiO4)O8. Braunite is a mineral formed at elevated temperatures, mainly through hydrothermal, metamorphic or diagenetic processes. This means that the manganese pebbles were formed outside the caves. However, manganese rock was not found in situ on the surface of the Hoher Göll Massif. This probably indicates that their origin is from eroded parts of Mesozoic rocks. The first studies of pebbles and their mineralogy, by analogy with contemporary marine sediments, indicate that their genesis is related to spreading zones and accompanies hydrothermal vents. The analysed material highlights two important issues: (1) the manganese pebbles are significant arguments for the occurrence of hydrothermal vents in the Northern Calcareous Alps; and (2) the importance of cave sediments studies, which provide relevant evidence for palaeogeographic reconstruction.

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Origin of fine-grained clastic sediments in caves of the Hoher Göll massif (the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

Kicińska Ditta

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2021

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Vol. 91, No. 4

363--373

EN

The Hoher Göll Massif is situated 20 km south of Salzburg and belongs to the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria). It is a ridge ca. 11 km long and 3 km wide with the highest summit Hoher Göll (2522 m a.s.l.), encircled by deeply incised valleys with bottoms ca. 2,000 m below it. Cave clastic deposits were studied in the Hochschartehöhlensystem, Dämchenhöhle and Hintere caves. The caves belong to the Giant Cave Level, with the exception of part of the Hochschartehöhlensystem, that is Der Sprechender Steine Cave, the highest parts of which belong to the Ruin Cave Level. The sources of the cave sediments have been identified from the composition of the heavy fractions. Preliminary studies of the Hoher Göll caves reveal that the cave fills were derived from the Oligocene to earliest Miocene Augenstein Formation, the deposits of the Palaeo-Inn River and the siliciclastic basal strata of the Northern Calcareous Alps. The clastic material deposited as the Augenstein Formation was transported from southern parts of the Eastern Alps and by the Palaeo-Inn river from their western part. According to heavy minerals, the sources of the clastic material were on the Palaeozoic terrains, the post-Palaeozoic sequence, and the Middle Austroalpine Unit. Later, during or after the mountain uplift, weathered materials from the Augenstein and Palaeo-Inn deposits were eroded and transported from the surface into caves by allogenic streams. Some of the sediments were likely to have been transported later to the Giant Cave Level from the southern part of the Northern Calcareous Alps.

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Skutki zmian klimatu na środowisko jaskiniowe

Kasprowska-Nowak K.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

198--204

PL

W artykule przedstawiono skutki zmian klimatu na środowisko jaskiniowe (ekosystem podziemny) od momentu tworzenia się jaskiń (neogen), przez okres zlodowaceń na obszarze Polski do dnia dzisiejszego. Opracowano je na przykładzie analizy osadów Jaskini na Biśniku (położona w środkowej części Wyżyny Krakowsko-Wieluńskiej), które składają się z kilkunastu warstw zbudowanych z różnorodnych materiałów (geologicznych, paleozoologicznych, paleobotanicznych i archeologicznych) i dostarczają wiedzy na temat przeobrażeń klimatycznych. Dzięki wyróżnionym składnikom (opracowanym przez interdyscyplinarnych badaczy) i przy pomocy wyników datowania warstw osadów metodami fizykochemicznymi, dokonano rekonstrukcji poszczególnych elementów środowiskowych w jaskini (skały krasowiejącej, morfologii, mikroklimatu, wód jaskiniowych, fauny, flory oraz człowieka) w czasie geologicznym, pomiędzy którymi zachodziły określone relacje/ zależności. Wyróżnione elementy tworzyły różne układy (modele) ekologiczne na trzech etapach rozwoju jaskini (abiotycznym, biotycznym i antropicznym), które wydzielono w następstwie zmian klimatycznych.

EN

The article presents the effects of climate change of the cave environment (underground ecosystem) since the formation of caves (Neogene Period), through the glaciation period in Poland to the present day. They were developed on the example of the analysis of the Biśnik Cave sediments (located in the central part of the Cracow-Wieluń Upland), which consist of several layers made of various materials (geological, paleozoological, paleobotanical and archaeological) and provide knowledge about climate change. Thanks to the distinguished components (developed by interdisciplinary researchers) and using the results of dating of sediment layers using physicochemical methods, reconstruction of individual environmental elements in the cave (karstifited rock, morphology, microclimate, cave waters, fauna, vegetation and man) was made during the geological period between which occurred specific relationships / dependencies. The distinguished elements formed various ecological systems (models) at three stages of cave development (abiotic, biotic and anthropic), which developed as a result of climate change.

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Rekonstrukcja krajobrazu Doliny Wodącej w starszej epoce kamienia (Wyżyna Krakowsko-Wieluńska)

Kasprowska-Nowak K.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2015

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nr 29

79--91

PL

W artykule dokonano rekonstrukcji elementów krajobrazu Doliny Wodącej (rzeźby terenu, gleb, wód, szaty roślinnej, zwierząt oraz człowieka) w paleolicie środkowym i górnym (starsza epoka kamienia), który nawiązuje do plejstocenu (tj. od czasu zlodowaceń środkowopolskich do schyłku zlodowacenia północnopolskiego). W pracy bazowano na wynikach interdyscyplinarnych badań osadów Jaskini na Biśniku (uchodzi za jedno z najlepiej zbadanych i najstarszych stanowisk archeologicznych w Polsce), w których wystąpiły zabytki paleolityczne (warstwy 17-4).

EN

In the article made reconstruction of landscape of the Wodąca Valley (relief, soil, water, vegetation, animals and man) in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, which corresponds to the Pleistocene (since the Mid-Polish Glaciation until the North-Polish Glaciation). The study was based on the results of interdisciplinary research of the Biśnik Cave sediments (considered one of the most studied and oldest archaeological sites in Poland), where there were the Palaeolithic artifacts (layers 17-4).

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Clay minerals in cave sediments and terra rossa soils in the Montagnola Senese karst massif (Italy)

Iacoviello F., Martini I.

Geological Quarterly

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2013

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Vol. 57, No. 3

527-–536

EN

Reddish mud-rich sediments are common in several karst areas, in the form of red surface soils and clastic cave infilling. The origin and significance of red surface soils have been largely debated over the last years, whilst clastic mud-rich sediments in cave environments have received less attention by geoscientists. The genetic relation between these two materials still remains uncertain. In fact, these sediments are mainly constituted by fine materials, therefore, their study has been generally focused on the clay fraction only.This paper compares the clay fraction of red surface soils and mud-rich cave sediments in the Montagnola Senese massif. Previous studies have demonstrated that in this area red cave muds originate from the erosion of the red surface soils and their consequent re-deposition in the cave environment. Despite these well-established genetic relations, notable differences in the clay fraction of these two materials have been recognized in the present study. These differences are likely to be attributable to the different grades of pedogenetic alteration that affected the two materials. This study demonstrates that the genetic relations between mud-rich cave sediments and red surface soils can be misinterpreted when the clay mineral fraction only is considered.

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Preliminary suggestions on the Pleistocene palaeovegetation around the Biśnik Cave (Częstochowa Upland, Poland) based on studies of molecular fossils from cave sediments

Krajcarz M. T. M. T., Gola M. R., Cyrek K. J. K. J.

Studia Quaternaria

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2010

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Vol. 27

55-61

EN

Bisnik Cave is an important site of Middle Palaeolithic, with the longest sequence of Neanderthal settlement phases in Central Europe. In the previous studies of the Bisnik sediments, different elements of palaeoenvironment in the periods of Neanderthal occupation have been recognised, except of palaeovegetation, which could not be derived because of lack of preserved plant micro- or macrofossils. The current work is an attempt to reconstruct palaeovegetation in vicinity of the Bisnik Cave, using analysis of composition of plant-derived n-alkanes, preserved in sediments. In our study, we analyzed one sample from each of the sediment's layers 11 - 19c (early Late Pleistocene and late Middle Pleistocene). Abundant n-alkanes (mostly n-C27, n-C29 and n-C31) were found in all the sampled layers except for the layers 12, 16 and 19d, showing no alkanes at all. There is clear diversification of n-alkanes composition and cpr (carbon preference index) values between layers. Analysis of this composition, allows us to claim that the layers 11 and 14 were accumulated when the cave's vicinity was covered by dense coniferous forests, hence upon warm climate. The layers 19, 19a lower, 19b and 19c, presumably originated during cold periods when open woodlands or grasslands dominated. The other analyzed layers could be counected with intermediate vegetation in form of open woodland. However, not all of the achieved results stay in compliance with the actual stratigraphy, established basing on lithological data and palaeoecology offossil fauna, and we hope that explanation of this discrepancy would be possible after more extensive studies of molecular fossils are done.

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Application of the weathering parameters of bones to stratigraphical interpretation of the sediments from two caves (Deszczowa Cave and Nietoperzowa Cave, Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Poland)

Krajcarz M. T., Madeyska T.

Studia Quaternaria

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2010

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Vol. 27

36-43

EN

Analysis of weathering parameters of bones from cave deposits is presented as a useful tool of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. As an example, we studied profiles of sediments in two Palaeolithic sites: Nietoperzowa Cave and Deszczowa Cave. Our studies included histological and EDS analyses of bone remnants found in these profiles. This method allowed us to reconstruct the changes of palaeotemperature and palaeohumidity, and finally the climatostratigraphy of sediments. The results presented here put a new light onto the stratigraphy of Deszczowa Cave's filling. In particular, besides the Vistulian sediments (MIS 2-5d), we confirmed the presence oflayers formed during the Penultimate Glaciation (MIS 6) and Eemian Interglacial (MIS 5e).

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Geochemiczny zapis diagenezy szczątków kostnych z Jaskini Deszczowej (Wyżyna Częstochowska)

Krajcarz M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

163-172

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O możliwościach rekonstrukcji paleotemperatur vistulianu na podstawie kopalnych zespołów ptaków

Lorenc Michał

Geologos

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2008

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Vol. 14, No. 1

91--106

PL

Pochodzące z vistulianu szczątki ptaków znane są w Polsce niemal wyłącznie z osadów jaskiń i schronisk skalnych, w sumie z 18 stanowisk. Relatywnie liczne są wyłącznie szczątki pochodzące ze środkowego i późnego vistulianu. W artykule podsumowano zamieszczone w literaturze dane dotyczące występowania i zróżnicowania gatunkowego kości ptaków w vistuliańskich osadach powyższych 18 stanowisk. Zespoły ptaków z vistuliańskich osadów poszczególnych jaskiń i schronisk skalnych stanowiły często podstawę rekonstrukcji paleośrodowiska, rzadziej paleoklimatu. W artykule podsumowano średnie temperatury lipca, które na podstawie tych zespołów oszacowano do tej pory dla niektórych faz klimatycznych vistulianu. Większość temperatur określono używając metody obliczania wskaźników termicznych, według Demarcq & Mourer-Chauvire (1976) i przeliczania wartości tych wskaźników na °C, według Lorenca (2007). Metody te zostały ogólnie scharakteryzowane. Prezentowane temperatury odnoszą się do następujących faz klimatycznych vistulianu: późny vistulian (bölling, starszy dryas, alleröd, młodszy dryas), późny plenivistulian, środkowy plenivistulian (denekamp, hengelo), wczesny plenivistulian (schalkholz) i wczesny vistulian (odderade). Wskazano mocne i słabe strony rekonstrukcji paleotemperatur na podstawie powyższych zespołów ptaków.

EN

Vistulian bird-bone remains are known in Poland almost exclusively from sediments of 18 caves and rockshelters in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, the Podhale Depression and the Holy Cross Mountains. Only remains from the Middle and Late Vistulian are relatively abundant. The present contribution summarizes literature data on the occurrence and species diversity of bird-bone remains from the 18 sites mentioned above. The bird-bone assemblages from the caves and rock-shelters were often used to reconstruct the then palaeoenvironment, more rarely the palaeoclimate. Analysis of the bird-bone assemblages indicates average July temperatures for some Vistulian intervals, viz. the Late Vistulian (Bölling, Older Dryas, Alleröd, Younger Dryas), Late Plenivistulian, Middle Plenivistulian (Denekamp, Hengelo), Early Plenivistulian (Schalkholz) and Early Vistulian (Odderade). Most of the temperatures were assessed through thermal indices (Demarcq & Mourer-Chauvire 1976), but they were estimated by Lorenc’s (2007) method as well. Both methods are explained in the present contribution. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of palaeotemperature reconstruction on the basis of bird-bone assemblages are specified.

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Geological value of Biśnik Cave sediments (Cracow-Częstochowa Upland)

Mirosław-Grabowska J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2002

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Vol. 52, nr 1

97-110

EN

The Biśnik Cave is located near the town of Pilica in the central part of the Smoleń-Niegowonice Range (Cracow-Częstochowa Upland). During archaeological excavations a section of clastic sediments above 7 m thick was exposed. Based on sedimentological, mineralogical and archaeological data, the lithology and stratigraphy of the deposits were ducumented. Series I (layers 18-8) accumulated in a dry cave environment in the Tertiary (layer 18), during the Middle Polish Glaciation (layers 17-14), the Eemian Interglacial (layers 13-12) and in the older part of the Vistulian (layers 11-8). Series II (layers 7-5) reflects accumulation under fluvial conditions during the Middle Vistulian. Series III (layers 4-2) consist of aeolian deposits accumulated during the Upper Vistulian. The humus layers (layers 1b-1a) were formed during the Holocene. The composition of the rich palaeontological material was used for reconstruction of the natural environment and the climatic conditions during the accumulations of the sediments. The existence of forest is documented during the time of the accumulation of layers 15, 13, 12. The presence of aquatic species of fauna testifies to the existence of a small river in the neighbourhood of the cave (e.g. layers 11, 6-7). The high proportion of remains of steppe-tundra fauna indicates environment (e.g. layers 14, 8, 2). The results of the investigations of the Biśnik Cave sediments helped in reconstructing the evolution of the relief of the surrounding area.

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Cave fillings - a chronicle of the past. An outline of the Younger Pleistocene cave sediments study in Poland

Madeyska T., Cyrek K.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2002

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Vol. 52, nr 1

75-95

EN

The scientific exploration of Polish cave sediments started 130 years ago. Important Palaeolithic sites were discovered and investigated from that time by archaeologists and zoologists. During the second half of the 20th century geological analysis was introduced to the cave filling study. More than 50 caves and rock shelters, differentiated according to their shape and dimensions, have been explored to date, every one which contained subfossil animal remains. In about 30 sites, culture layers, scattered artefacts or other traces of the activity of Palaeolithic people were found. The sedimentary successions, 2-8 metres thick, consist mainly of clastic components that reflect the past climatic changes. The subfossil fauna includes animals living in tundra, steppe, forest and aquatic environments. The proportion of particular groups vary with the position in the succession. The lithological composition of the sediments and the faunal composition were used for reconstruction of past climatic changes and for the stratigraphical interpretation. Remnants of the oldest Palaeolithic culture in this region - the Acheulian type with Levalloisian technique - were found in deposits dated to the Warthanian and to the penultimate interglacial or even to the Odranian. During the Eemian, this culture coexisted with the Taubachian. For the Early Vistulian, the Levallois-Mousterian, Micoquo-Prondnikian and Charentian are characteristic cultures. Upper Palaeolithic cultures (Jerzmanowician, Aurignacian,Szeletian and then East-Gravettian) developed during younger Vistulian interstadials (Interplenivistulian) correlated with stage 3 of the oxygen isotope curve. Toward the end of the Vistulian, the Magdalenian culture and the Epigravettian appeared.

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Magnetostratigraphy and unconformities in cave sediments: case study from the Classical Karst, SW Slovenia

Bosak Pavel, Pruner Peter, Mihevc Andrej, Hajna Nadja

Geologos

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2000

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Vol. 5

13--30

EN

Palaeomagnetic method (magnetostratigraphy) was applied to date four profiles of cave fill in the Classical Karst of Slovenia - Divaška jama, Trhlovca Cave, Divača profile at highway near village of Divača and Černotiče profile in a quarry near village of Črni Kal. The dynamic character of cave filling, and exhumation and fossilisation processes is expressed by numerous unconformities within profiles belonging to inner-cave facies. Brunhes/Matuyama boundary and Jaramillo subchron were interpreted in Trhlovca Cave and Divaška jama. Obtained magnetozones in Divača profile and Černotiče Quarry can be correlated with events within Matuyama up to Gilbert chrons. Therefore, the correlation of obtained arrangements of normal and reverse polarised magnetozones with standard palaeomagnetic scales can be finish only with difficulties and with a high degree of uncertainty as breaks in deposition can hidden a substantial part of the geological time. Without the help of other dating methods, especially biostratigraphy, and correlation of magnetostratigraphic results cannot be explicit.

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Malacofauna of Holocene cave sediments of the Cracow Upland (Poland)

Alexandrowicz S. W.

Folia Quaternaria

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2000

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nr 71

85-112

EN

Sediments filling small karst forms developed within Jurassic limestones of the Ojców Plateau were described at 54 sites. They contain rich assemblages composed of 63 species of land snails and shells of slugs representing woodland, open-country and mesophile components. Seven of them dominate reaching highest values of constancy and domination. The composition of particular communities corresponds with the present-day fauna of molluscs living within the Cracow Upland. Snails described from loess and loess-like loam connected with the last glaciation were found in two localities while in all the others assemblages of molluscs typical of the Holocene occur. Sediments filling small and shallow rock shelters and rocky niches had been several times deposited, destroyed and removed before the youngest, mollusc-bearing ones accumulated during the Meso- and Neoholocene.