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1

Research on Online Condition monitoring for Complex System based on Modified Broad Learning Systems

Wang Chong, Liu Jie

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2024

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Vol. 26, no. 2

art. no. 183600

EN

Complex systems contain numerous interacting components, thus deep learning methods with powerful performance and complex structure are often used to achieve condition monitoring. However, the deep learning methods are always too time-consuming and hardware-demanding to be loaded into complex systems for online training and updates. To achieve accurate and timely monitoring of complex system state, based on broad learning system (BLS), an online condition monitoring method is proposed in this paper. GeneralBLSs are based on a randomly generated hidden-layer, usually perform poorly in high-dimensional data classification tasks. In this work, based on correlation and causality, two modified BLSs are proposed and mixed to establish the online monitoring system. Specifically, logistic regression (LR) and structural causal model (SCM) are considered to form rough predictions of the system state, thus to replace the randomly generated ones with no practical significance. The effectiveness of the proposed online monitoring method is verified by both simulation data and real data.

2

Determinants of entrepreneurial intention: a comparative analysis

Ragmoun Wided

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2022

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Vol. 25, No. 1

361--377

EN

The current research aims to investigate the relationship among economic growth, Environmental Efficiency (EE) and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI). To achieve this, the author has adopted a circular interactive system among environmental efficiency, economic growth and entrepreneurial intention for 49 developing and developed nations through panel causality analysis based on both cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity by country. The data used in this study ranged between 2001 and 2019 and was extracted from databases on the World Bank Indicators (WDIs) in addition to the Global Entrepreneurs Monitor database (GEM dataset). Based on the quantitative approach, the obtained data were analyzed using STATA. Results emphasize that a bidirectional causal association exists between economic growth and entrepreneurial intention. Findings related to environmental efficiency seem to be more restrictive. It can be concluded that an indirect and positive effect of environment efficiency on EI is significant only in high-income level countries. This paper provides new insights into the paradoxical effects and interrelations between economic growth and environmental efficiency on EI. Research confirms that entrepreneurship is a reflexive process defined through a specific mindset, and policymakers have to invest in environmental efficiency and strengthen policies to protect the environment and favor an entrepreneurial “feeling good” as a stimulator for EI. This study could also assist and guide researchers for future research to operationalize the results of the following study.

PL

Obecne badania mają na celu zbadanie związku między wzrostem gospodarczym, efektywnością środowiskową (EE) a intencjami przedsiębiorczymi (EI). Aby to osiągnąć, autor przyjął okrągły, interaktywny system między efektywnością środowiskową, wzrostem gospodarczym i intencją przedsiębiorczości dla 49 rozwijających się i rozwiniętych narodów poprzez panelową analizę przyczynowości opartą zarówno na przekrojowej zależności, jak i heterogeniczności w poszczególnych krajach. Dane wykorzystane w tym badaniu pochodziły z lat 2001-2019 i zostały pozyskane z baz danych dotyczących wskaźników Banku Światowego (WDI) oraz bazy danych Global Entrepreneurs Monitor (zestaw danych GEM). Opierając się na podejściu ilościowym, uzyskane dane przeanalizowano za pomocą programu STATA. Wyniki podkreślają, że istnieje dwukierunkowy związek przyczynowy między wzrostem gospodarczym a zamiarem przedsiębiorczości. Ustalenia związane z efektywnością środowiskową wydają się być bardziej restrykcyjne. Można stwierdzić, że pośredni i pozytywny wpływ efektywności środowiskowej na EI jest istotny tylko w krajach o wysokim poziomie dochodów. Artykuł ten dostarcza nowych informacji na temat paradoksalnych skutków i wzajemnych relacji między wzrostem gospodarczym a efektywnością środowiskową na EI. Badania potwierdzają, że przedsiębiorczość jest procesem refleksyjnym zdefiniowanym przez określony sposób myślenia, a decydenci muszą inwestować w efektywność środowiskową i wzmacniać polityki mające na celu ochronę środowiska i faworyzować przedsiębiorcze „dobre samopoczucie” jako stymulator EI. Badanie to może również pomóc i ukierunkować badaczy w przyszłych badaniach w celu zoperacjonalizowania wyników kolejnego badania.

3

Koniunktura w rolnictwie warunkiem bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego gospodarki

Szczepańska-Przekota Anna, Lisowska Agnieszka, Waściński Tadeusz

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2021

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Vol. 54, no. 1

183--198

PL

Rolnictwo jako dziedzina gospodarki podlega w ostatnich latach dużym przeobrażeniom. Z jednej strony staje się bardziej nowoczesne, ale z drugiej strony jego udział w tworzeniu PKB maleje. Problem badawczy podjęty w artykule koncentruje się wokół problemów zachodzących pomiędzy koniunkturą na rynku rolnym a koniunkturą ogólnogospodarczą. Z problemu badawczego wyprowadzono cel badania, który dotyczy zbadania zależności zachodzących pomiędzy koniunkturą na rynku rolnym a koniunkturą gospodarczą kraju. Autorzy podjęli próbę potwierdzenia tezy badawczej: Koniunktura ogólnogospodarcza kształtowana przez określone czynniki ekonomiczne wpływa na kształtowanie się koniunktury na rynku rolnym. Na podstawie wartości dodanej rolnictwa oraz Produktu Krajowego Brutto w latach 1992-2017 w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Wielkiej Brytanii, Francji i Polsce autorzy artykułu określili związek pomiędzy tymi zmiennymi. Przeprowadzono badania korelacyjne i kointegracyjne. Ogólne wnioski są zgodne. Na podstawie wyników badań można wnioskować o słabszym wzroście rolnictwa w Europie w porównaniu do Stanów Zjednoczonych. Na przestrzeni całego okresu obserwuje się bardzo wolny wzrost wartości dodanej rolnictwa w Europie (tutaj Wielka Brytania, Francja i Polska) w porównaniu do wzrostu PKB. Tymczasem w Stanach Zjednoczonych rolnictwo rozwija się w tempie zbliżonym do rozwoju PKB. Znaleziono przesłanki do twierdzenia, że zaburzenia w rolnictwie mogą negatywnie oddziaływać na całą gospodarkę. Jest to szczególnie widoczne w Europie, stąd też rekomendacja do przyjrzenia się aktualnej polityce Unii Europejskiej. Taki wynik może być spowodowany „przeregulowaniem” gospodarki europejskiej.

EN

In the past years, agriculture as a field of economy has been undergoing large transformations. On the one hand, it has become more modern but on the other hand its share in the GDP growth has been diminishing. The question: what the connection is between the condition on the local market and the general economic condition seems fundamental. This is the purpose of this study. On the basis of the added value of agriculture and the Gross Domestic Product in the years 1992-2017 in the United States, Great Britain, France and Poland, the connection was determined between these variables. Correlative and cointegration research was carried out. The general conclusions are compliant. On the basis of the research results, conclusions may be drawn about a poorer increase of agriculture in Europe as compared to the United Stated. Over the entire period, a very slow increase in the value added of agriculture in Europe (here, Great Britain, France and Poland) was observed in comparison to the GDP growth. Meanwhile, in the United States, agriculture is growing at a pace similar to GDP growth. Grounds for the statement were found that disturbances in agriculture may have a negative impact on the entire economy. This is particularly evident in Europe. Hence, it is recommended to examine the current policy of the European Union. This result may be caused by an “overregulation” of the European economy.

4

Environmental Quality, Corruption and Industry Growth: The Global Perspective

Cui Min, Wang Jun-Sheng, Chang Chun-Ping

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2021

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Vol. 16, nr 1

29--37

EN

This paper investigates the causal relationship between environmental quality and corruption for 129 countries, using the panel cointegration and panel-based error correction models for the period 2002-2015. In the paper, we use EPI, EHI, and EVI to represent environmental quality, which are more reasonable and comprehensive. We further take industry growth into consideration and investigate its impact on environmental quality. Our results corroborate that there exists a long-term equilibrium cointegrated relationship among the variables, both of corruption and industry growth have a negative effect on environmental quality and the corruption can seriously decrease environmental quality in the long term, while industry growth weakens environmental quality no matter in the short or long run.

PL

W artykule zbadano związek przyczynowy między jakością środowiska a korupcją w 129 krajach, wykorzystując modele kointegracji panelowej i panelowej korekcji błędów za lata 2002-2015. W pracy używamy EPI, EHI i EVI do wyznaczania jakości środowiska, które wydają się najbardziej sensowne i wszechstronne. Ponadto bierzemy pod uwagę rozwój branży i badamy jego wpływ na jakość środowiska. Nasze wyniki potwierdzają, że istnieje długoterminowa stabilna skointegorowana relacja pomiędzy zmiennymi, zarówno korupcja, jak i rozwój przemysłu mają negatywny wpływ na jakość środowiska, a korupcja może poważnie obniżyć jakość środowiska w dłuższej perspektywie, podczas gdy wzrost przemysłu osłabia jakość środowiska zarówno w krótkim, jak i długim okresie.

5

Causal Semantics for BPP Nets with Silent Moves

Gorrieri Roberto

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2021

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Vol. 180, nr 3

179--249

EN

BPP nets, a subclass of finite Place/Transition Petri nets, are equipped with some causal behavioral semantics, which are variations of fully-concurrent bisimilarity [3], inspired by weak [28] or branching bisimulation [12] on labeled transition systems. Then, we introduce novel, efficiently decidable, distributed semantics, inspired by team bisimulation [17] and h-team bisimulation [19], and show how they relate to these variants of fully-concurrent bisimulation.

6

The impact of exchange rate on fisheries production: international evidence from selected countries

Tepe Resul, Kayiran Burhan, Açik Abdullah

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2020

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nr 63 (135)

87--96

EN

One of the most important factors affecting international trade is exchange rate fluctuations. To date, studies that have analyzed the effect of exchange rates have shown that the effect can vary from sector to sector and from country to country. The fact that this relationship has not been extensively studied in the fisheries industry is the motivation for this study. In this regard, the aim of this study is to determine whether changes in the real exchange rates of countries affect their fisheries production levels. Accordingly, we used the causality test developed by Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011), which takes into account both cross-sectional dependencies and heterogeneity. The data set used in this study consisted of 27 annual observations from 38 countries from 1990–2016. The results revealed that changes in the real exchange rate affected fisheries production. This situation shows that changes in exchange rates may affect the international demand for fisheries and serve as a source of motivation for producers.

7

O neuroembriologicznych badaniach Wilhelma Hisa Starszego (1831-1904) prowadzonych z perspektywy mechanistycznej

Szkutnik Dariusz Adam

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2020

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T. 65, nr 1

69--80

EN

The article presents Wilhelm His Sr.’s (1831-1904) methodological path of research in the field of neurophysiological foundations, explained through specific mechanical causes. In this research context, the scholar searched for the so-called fixed cause-and-effect principle, which refers to the targeted development of the nervous system. His’s pioneering research mainly focused on the structural genesis of the nervous system and the growth and development of embryonic neural cells.

8

Causal reversibility in individual token interpretation of Petri Nets

Benamira Adel

Computer Science

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2020

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T. 21 (4)

489-511

EN

Causal reversibility in concurrent systems means that events that the origin of other events can only be undone after undoing its consequences. In opposition to backtracking, events that are independent of each other can be reversed in an arbitrary order; in other words, we have flexible reversibility with respect to a causality relationship. An implementation of individual token interpretation of Petri Nets (IPNs) has been proposed by Rob Van Glabbeek et al.; the present paper investigates a study of causal reversibility within IPNs. Given N as an IPN, by adding an intuitive firing rule to undo transitions according to the causality relationship, the coherence of N is assured; i.e., the set of all reachable states of N in the reversible version and that of the original one are identical. Furthermore, reversibility in N is flexible, and their initial state can be accessible in reverse from any state. In this paper, an approach for controlling causal-reversibility within IPNs is proposed.

9

Trade Openness, Political Stability and Environmental Performance: What Kind of Long-Run Relationship?

Niu Jing, Wen Jun, Yang Xiu-Yun, Chang Chun-Ping

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2018

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Vol. 13, nr 2

57--66

EN

This paper investigates the long-run relationships among environmental performance, political stability, and trade openness for 126 countries as well as the sub-samples of OECD and non-OECD countries, using the panel cointegration and panel-based error correction models for the period 2002-2014. For the full sample and the non-OECD countries, our results corroborate that there exists a long-term equilibrium cointegrated relationship among the variables. Moreover, the panel fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) estimations present that political stability and trade openness have a negative effect on environmental performance in full samples case as well as the non-OECD countries, whereas trade openness exhibits a positive influence on environmental performance in OECD countries. The vector error correction model (VECM) shows a diversified negative causalities running from trade openness and political stability to environmental performance in the long run for both full samples and the sub-samples countries. The policy implication is that pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) is supported and trade regulations can help promote environmental performance; meanwhile, political stability accelerates macroeconomic performance and attracts more foreign investment. Overall, the government can carry on a policy to lower pollution levels, thus further advancing environmental performance.

PL

W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano długoterminowe relacje pomiędzy wydajnością środowiskową, stabilnością polityczną i otwartością handlu w 126 krajach, a także pod-próbki krajów OECD i spoza OECD, z wykorzystaniem kointegracji panelowej i panelowych modeli korekcji błędów za lata 2002-2014. W przypadku całej próby i krajów spoza OECD nasze wyniki potwierdzają, że między zmiennymi istnieje długookresowa równowagowa zależność. Co więcej, panel FMOLS wskazuje, że stabilność polityczna i otwartość handlu mają negatywny wpływ na wydajność środowiskową w przypadku pełnych próbek, jak również w krajach nienależących do OECD, podczas gdy otwartość handlowa ma pozytywny wpływ na wydajność środowiskowe w krajach OECD. Model VECM pokazuje zróżnicowane negatywne przyczyny, które wynikają z otwartości handlowej i stabilności politycznej na wydajność środowiskową w dłuższej perspektywie, zarówno dla pełnych próbek, jak i dla podpróbek. Konsekwencją polityczną jest to, że hipoteza PHH (pollution haven hypothesis) jest wspierana, a regulacje handlowe mogą pomóc w promowaniu wydajności środowiskowej; tymczasem stabilność polityczna przyspiesza wyniki makroekonomiczne i przyciąga więcej inwestycji zagranicznych. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, rząd może prowadzić politykę mającą na celu obniżenie poziomu zanieczyszczeń, a tym samym umożliwia dalszy postęp w dziedzinie ochrony środowiska.

10

Causality in models of thermal processes in ship engine rooms with the use of Bond Graph (BG) method

Cichy M., Kneba Z., Kropiwnicki J.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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S 1

32--37

EN

With a single approach to modeling elements of different physical nature, the method of Bond Graph (BG) is particularly well suited for modeling energy systems consisting of mechanical, thermal, electrical and hydraulic elements that operate in the power system engine room. The paper refers to the earlier presented [2] new concept of thermal process modeling using the BG method. The authors own suggestions for determining causality in models of thermal processes created by the said concept were given. The analysis of causality makes it possible to demonstrate the model conflicts that prevent the placement of state equations which allows for the direct conduct of simulation experiments. Attention has been drawn to the link between the energy systems models of thermal processes with models of elements of different physical nature. Two examples of determining causality in models of complex energy systems of thermal elements have been presented. The firs relates to the electrical system associated with the process of heat exchange. The second is a model of the mechanical system associated with the thermodynamic process.

11

Semantics for Specialising Attack Trees based on Linear Logic

Horne R., Mauw S., Tiu A.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2017

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Vol. 153, nr 1/2

57--86

EN

Attack trees profile the sub-goals of the proponent of an attack. Attack trees have a variety of semantics depending on the kind of question posed about the attack, where questions are captured by an attribute domain. We observe that one of the most general semantics for attack trees, the multiset semantics, coincides with a semantics expressed using linear logic propositions. The semantics can be used to compare attack trees to determine whether one attack tree is a specialisation of another attack tree. Building on these observations, we propose two new semantics for an extension of attack trees named causal attack trees. Such attack trees are extended with an operator capturing the causal order of sub-goals in an attack. These two semantics extend the multiset semantics to sets of series-parallel graphs closed under certain graph homomorphisms, where each semantics respects a class of attribute domains. We define a sound logical system with respect to each of these semantics, by using a recently introduced extension of linear logic, called MAV, featuring a non-commutative operator. The non-commutative operator models causal dependencies in causal attack trees. Similarly to linear logic for attack trees, implication defines a decidable preorder for specialising causal attack trees that soundly respects a class of attribute domains.

12

On the basic concepts of safety engineering

Rakowsky U. K.

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

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2015

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Vol. 6, No. 2

107--116

EN

The basic concepts of safety engineering and functional safety frameworks are presented and discussed in this paper. The scope includes safety aspects, which are deeply rooted in philosophy e.g. the principles of causality, determinability, and randomness. Moreover, concepts are presented, which are subject of standardisation, engineering association activities, and aspects, practitioners struggling with in daily business, e.g. failure and fault; architecture and structure; redundancy and channels. The paper closes with a brief glance on engineering ethics.

13

Mutex Causality in Processes and Traces of General Elementary Nets

Kleijn J., Koutny M.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2013

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Vol. 122, nr 1-2

119--146

EN

A concurrent history represented by a causality structure that captures the intrinsic, invariant dependencies between its actions, can be interpreted as defining a set of closely related observations (e.g., step sequences). Depending on the relationships observed in the histories of a system, the concurrency paradigm to which it adheres may be identified, with different concurrency paradigms underpinned by different kinds of causality structures. Elementary net systems with inhibitor arcs and mutex arcs (ENIM-systems) are a system model that through its process semantics and associated causality structures fits the least restrictive concurrency paradigm. One can also investigate the abstract behaviour of an ENIM-system by grouping together step sequences in equivalence classes (generalised comtraces) using the structural relations between its transitions. The resulting concurrent histories of the ENIM-system are consistent with the generalised stratified order structures underlying its processes. The paper establishes a link between ENIM-systems and trace theory allowing one to discuss different observations of concurrent behaviour in a way that is consistent with the causality semantics defined by the operationally defined processes.

14

Comparison of descriptions of continuous-time and teletraffic systems

Borys A., Aleksiewicz M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Telekomunikacja i Elektronika / Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w Bydgoszczy

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2012

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z. 16

5--15

EN

In a fundamental book [5] on the so-called network calculus and research papers using this technique, as for example those cited in this paper, the notion of causal linear time-invariant teletraffic systems (networks) is used. It has been mentioned in [5] that these systems are analogous to the causal linear time-invariant systems (circuits) described by integral convolution (or convolution sum in the case of discrete ones) in classical systems theory. Note that networks considered in the network calculus are described by other type of convolution that uses the infimum operation. Moreover, the algebra used in the above technique is also different. This is the so-called min-plus (or max-plus) algebra. Therefore, it is not obvious that the teletraffic systems (networks) described by the infimum convolution fulfill the following basic properties: linearity, causality, time-invariance, associativity and commutativity of their convolution operator, known from the classical theory of systems. The objective of this paper is to prove or show in detail that the above properties hold.

PL

W znanej monografii nt. rachunku sieciowego (network calculus), napisanej przez J.-Y. Le Boudeca i P. Thirana, zostało wprowadzone pojęcie liniowych systemów teleinformatycznych niezależnych od czasu. Wskazano w niej na podobieństwa istniejące pomiędzy powyższą klasą systemów a liniowymi systemami analogowymi niezależnymi od czasu, jednakże zrobiono to w sposób dosyć pobieżny. W tym artykule podobieństwa te są przeanalizowane w sposób systematyczny, a także bez uciekania się do bardzo abstrakcyjnej teorii systemów opisywanych za pomocą algebry min-plus – jedynie przy wykorzystaniu elementarnych pojęć matematyki wyższej. Wiele przedstawionych tutaj wyprowadzeń nie było dotychczas nigdzie publikowanych, jak na przykład twierdzenie 1.

15

Causal Behavioural Profiles - Efficient Computation, Applications and Evaluation

Weidlich M., Mendling J., Polyvyanyy A., Weske M.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2011

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Vol. 113, nr 3/4

399-435

EN

Analysis of behavioural consistency is an important aspect of software engineering. In process and service management, consistency verification of behavioural models has manifold applications. For instance, a business process model used as system specification and a corresponding workflow model used as implementation have to be consistent. Another example would be the analysis to what degree a process log of executed business operations is consistent with the corresponding normative process model. Typically, existing notions of behaviour equivalence, such as bisimulation and trace equivalence, are applied as consistency notions. Still, these notions are exponential in computation and yield a Boolean result. In many cases, however, a quantification of behavioural deviation is needed along with concepts to isolate the source of deviation. In this article, we propose causal behavioural profiles as the basis for a consistency notion. These profiles capture essential behavioural information, such as order, exclusiveness, and causality between pairs of activities of a process model. Consistency based on these profiles is weaker than trace equivalence, but can be computed efficiently for a broad class of models. In this article, we introduce techniques for the computation of causal behavioural profiles using structural decomposition techniques for sound free-choice workflow systems if unstructured net fragments are acyclic or can be traced back to S- or T-nets. We also elaborate on the findings of applying our technique to three industry model collections.

16

The reaction of the WIG stock market index to changes in the interest rates on bank deposits

Przekota G., Szczepańska-Przekota I.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2010

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Vol. 20, No. 1

97-110

EN

Determination of the relationship between the money market and capital market is particularly important from the point of view of taking a decision on the location of investment capital. It may help to forecast future states. This study seeks to determine the relationship of the interest rate on deposits in zloty with the WIG stock index and the volume of turnover on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Analysis of correlation and VAR models are used. Analysis of long-term correlation indicates a negative relationship between the interest rate on deposits in banks and the value of the WIG stock-index. However, this may be spurious. The dependence between these variables may be more complex and should rather be seen as short term. It seems that in general the impact of an increase in interest rates on the value of the WIG index is negative in the short term, just as in the long term. In addition, in the short term these variables can move in the same direction. The results obtained in the research are consistent with results obtained for other national markets. This applies in particular to the relatively weak, negative correlation described above.

17

Kopule i przyczynowość w badaniach związków pomiędzy zmiennymi finansowymi wybranych spółek z DAX

Gurgul H., Mestel R., Syrek R.

Ekonomia Menedżerska

|

2008

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nr 3

7-20

PL

W artykule rozważono zależności równoczesne i przyczynowe pomiędzy stopami zwrotu, ich zmiennością i wielkością obrotów. Badania zostały przeprowadzone dla wybranych z DAX największych spółek giełdowych. Stwierdzono za pomocą kopul brak istotnej statystycznie przyczynowości pomiędzy stopami zwrotu i wielkością obrotów. Jednocześnie w prawie wszystkich wypadkach stwierdzono istnienie przyczynowości obustronnej pomiędzy stopami zwrotu i ich zmiennością. We wszystkich wypadkach stwierdzono istnienie zależności jednostronnej od zmienności stóp zwrotu do wielkości obrotów. Nie stwierdzono odwrotnej zależności. Ten ostatni wynik świadczy o tym, że wzrastająca zmienność stóp zwrotu może być symptomem zbliżającej się wzmożonej aktywności handlowej inwestorów, dotyczącej akcji danej spółki.

EN

In the paper contemporaneous and dynamic relations between stock returns, stock returns volatility and trading volume for selected German companies quoted in DAX since 1994 are considered. The authors found out by mean of copulas significant contemporaneous pairwise dependences between these market variables. Dynamic relations were proved statistically by mean of Granger causality concept. The linear and nonlinear causality tests confirmed no causality between stock returns and trading volume in both directions. The performed computations are reason for claim that between stock returns and stock returns volatility might be a feedback. There is in all cases a strong causality from volatility to trading volume, but not in opposite direction.

18

Imperfect Causality

Mazlack L.J.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2004

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Vol. 59, nr 2,3

191--201

EN

Causal reasoning is important to human reasoning. It plays an essential role in day-to-day human decision-making. Human understanding of causality is necessarily imprecise, imperfect, and uncertain. Soft computing methods may be able to provide the approximation tools needed. In order to algorithmically consider causes, imprecise causal models are needed. A difficulty is striking a good balance between precise formalism and imprecise reality. Determining causes from available data has been a goal throughout human history. Today, data mining holds the promise of extracting unsuspected information from very large databases. The most common methods build rules. In many ways, the interest in rules is that they offer the promise (or illusion) of causal, or at least, predictive relationships. However, the most common rule form (association rules) only calculates a joint occurrence frequency; they do not express a causal relationship. If causal relationships could be discovered, it would be very useful.

19

System science traditions: differing philosophical assumptions

Dent E.B.

Systems : journal of transdisciplinary systems science

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2001

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Vol. 6, No. 1-2

13-30

EN

It is in vogue to "take a systems approach", yet what exactly a systems approach is varies considerably depending upon the systems science tradition examined. Systems science traditions tend to share a set of underlying assumptions which are less common in other scientific fields. Still, philosophical assumptions are not common across systems science traditions. We examine six traditions within systems science - cybernetics, general systems theory, organizational learning, operations research, total quality management, and system dynamics. We then consider seven underlying assumptions - self-organization, observation, causality, reflexivity, predictability, environment, and relationships. Finally, we assess where each tradition stands with respect to each of the underlying assumptions.