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EN
In this study, we performed the qualitative analysis of exoproteins during granule formation in the presence or in the absence of cations. The staining of thin granule cryosections showed that nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides and calcium cations were the dominant components of the granules. Proteins are the structural components associated with calcium ions. We determined changes in the proteomic profile and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the slime. The exopolymeric matrix containing the proteins was extracted using the Dowex resin method. Proteomic profile was analysed by SDS-PAGE method (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) using Coomassie blue staining in the samples of the aerobic granule matrix formed in the presence of multivalent cations and compared with that of the aerobic granules cultivated without cations. The results indicate that the granule matrix is predominantly composed of large and complex proteins that are tightly bound within the granular structure. The tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) may play a role in improved mechanical stability of aerobic granules. In the supernatant fraction of the sludge, only a small amount of free proteins in the medium molecular mass range was detected. The protein with high molecular mass ( 116 kDa) produced in the reactors with added Ca2+. Ca2+ had a considerable regulatory influence on production of extracellular proteins during aerobic granulation.
EN
The changing climate is affecting the melting process of glacier ice and snow in Himalaya and may influence the hydrogeochemistry of the glacial meltwater. This paper represents the ionic composition of discharge from Bilare Banga glacier by carrying out hydro-geochemical analysis of water samples of melting season of 2017. The pH and EC were measured on-site in field, and others parameters were examined in the laboratory. The abundance of the ions observed in meltwater has been arranged in decreasing order for cations as Ca2+> Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and for anions as HCO3− > SO42− > Cl>− > NO3−, respectively. Analysis suggests that the meltwater is mostly dominated by Ca2+ and 3−. It has been observed that the ionic concentration HCO3− is dominant and Cl>− is the least in the catchment. Piper plot analysis suggests that the chemical composition of the glacier discharge not only has natural origin but also has some anthropogenic input. Hydro-geochemical heterogeneity reflected the carbonate-dominated features (Ca2+–HCO3−) in the catchment. The carbonate weathering was found as the regulatory factor to control the chemistry of the glacial meltwater due to the high enrichment ratio of (Ca2+ + Mg2+) against TZ+ and (Na+ + K+). In statistical approach, PCA analysis suggests that geogenic weathering dynamics in the catchment is associated with carbonate-dominant lithology.
PL
Chromatografia jonowa poza rutynowymi zastosowaniami w ocenie jakości wód i ścieków jest coraz częściej wykorzystywana w badaniach bardziej złożonych próbek, takich jak próbki żywności czy próbki farmaceutyczne bądź biomedyczne. Miarodajność wyników w przypadkach takich analiz ma szczególne znaczenie, ponieważ chodzi o zdrowie i życie ludzi. W pracy przedstawiono możliwości zastosowań chromatografii jonowej z różnymi metodami detekcji w badaniach m.in. produktów farmaceutycznych oraz płynów ustrojowych.
EN
Ion chromatography in addition to routine applications in water and waste water quality assessment is increasingly used in the analyses of more complex samples such as food samples or pharmaceutical or biomedical samples. The quality of the results in such analyzes is of particular importance because it is about the health and life of people. The paper presents the possibilities of the application of ion chromatography with various detection methods in the analyses of pharmaceutical products and body fluids.
PL
Butelkowane wody mineralne stanowią ważne źródło składników mineralnych dla konsumentów. Ich spożycie systematycznie rośnie, aczkolwiek nie wszystkie z nich mają odpowiednie walory zdrowotne. W związku z tym ich konsumpcja powinna być poprzedzona dobrą znajomością ich właściwości i składu fizykochemicznego. W pierwszej części pracy przedstawiono ogólne informacje na temat klasyfikacji wód mineralnych, ich składu chemicznego i wpływu poszczególnych składników na zdrowie ludzi, a także przegląd literaturowy na temat badań wód mineralnych w różnych krajach europejskich.
EN
Bottled mineral waters are an important source of minerals for consumers. Their consumption is steadily growing, although not all of them offer adequate health benefits. Therefore their drinking should be preceded by a good knowledge of their physicochemical properties. The first part of the paper presents general information on the classification of mineral waters, their chemical composition and the impact of individual components on human health, as well as a literature review of the studies of mineral water in various European countries.
EN
Constant increase in concentration of organic micropollutants in the water environment influences the development of methods for their effective elimination from various matrices released into aquatic ecosystems. One of widely described in literature processes for the decomposition of hardly-biodegradable pollutants is the process of heterogeneous photocatalysis. The paper presents the influence of inorganic substances on the decomposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene), industrial admixtures – octylphenol and pharmaceutical compounds – diclofenac in the photocatalysis process conducted in the presence of TiO2. It has been shown that the presence of Cl– ions did not affect the photochemical reaction of the micropollutant decomposition. Whereas, the presence of CO32–, SO42– and HPO42– ions inhibited the decolonization of octylphenol and diclofenac, while the degradation efficiency of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene was reduced only by the presence of CO32– and HCO3 – anions. The photooxidation of micropollutants in solutions containing Al3+ oraz Fe3+ cations proceeded with a much lower efficiency than that for solution without inorganic compounds. The analysis of the kinetics of the photocatalytic decomposition of selected micropollutants show a decrease in the reaction rate constant and an increase in their half-life due to the blocking of theactive semiconductor centers by inorganic compounds. In addition,the toxicological analysis inducated the generation of micropollutant oxidation by-products, which aggravate the quality of treated aqueous solutions.
PL
Jednym z problemów w technologii oczyszczania ścieków jest powstawanie piany/kożucha na powierzchni bioreaktorów osadu czynnego. Niszczenie piany przeprowadza się różnymi sposobami, do których należą także metody dezintegracji. Hybrydowa dezintegracja (rozkład/liza chemiczny i kawitacja hydrodynamiczna) mikroorganizmów piany powoduje uwolnienie fosforu, azotu amonowego, magnezu i potasu z fazy stałej piany do fazy ciekłej. Zastosowanie hybrydowego procesu obróbki wstępnej, spowodowało zwiększenie stężeń fosforanów o ok. 677 mg PO43- L-1 oraz azotu amonowego o ok. 41 mg N-NH4+ L-1. Stężenie jonów Mg2+ w roztworze wzrosło z 6,2 do 31,1 mg Mg2+ L-1, potasu z 22,4 do 102,0 mg K+ L-1. Potwierdzeniem zmian fizykochemicznych i uwalniania substancji komórkowej w wyniku lizy komórek (hybrydowa destrukcja) była analiza w podczerwieni. Wykazano także, że niszczenie piany w wyniku dezintegracji hybrydowej pozwala na uwolnienie substancji pożywkowych i usunięcie ich części z cieczy osadu w postaci struwitu.
EN
One of the problems in wastewater treatment technologies is the formation of foam/scum on the surface of bioreactors. The foam elimination/destruction can be carried out by various methods among which disintegration is included. Hybrid disintegration (chemical decomposition and hydrodynamic cavitation) of the foam microorganisms results in phosphates, ammonium nitrogen, magnesium and potassium transferred from the foam solids into the liquid phase. Application of both methods as a hybrid pre-treatment process caused in an increased concentration of phosphates of about 677 mg PO43- L-1, ammonium nitrogen about 41 mg N- NH4+ L-1. The concentration of Mg2+ and K+ in the solution increased from 6.2 to 31.1 mg Mg2+ L-1and from 22.4 to 102.0 mg K+ L-1, respectively. The confirmation of physicochemical changes and release of cellular matter as a result of cellular lysis (hybrid disintegration) was IR analysis. It was demonstrated that the disintegration of foam permits removal of a part of nutrients in the form of struvite.
PL
Choroby nerek dotyczą już ponad 10% populacji ludzkiej. Schyłkowa niewydolność nerek wymaga u chorego zastosowania technik nerkozastępczych, takich jak hemodializa lub dializa otrzewnowa. W dializie otrzewnowej stosuje się płyny dializacyjne, które wprowadzone do otrzewnej pozwalają usuwać toksyny z organizmu chorego. Ich skład i jakość mają kluczowe znaczenie dla efektów leczenia. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki oznaczania głównych nieorganicznych anionów (Cl-, NO3-, PO4(3-), SO4(2-)) i kationów (Na+, K+, Mg(2+), Ca(2+)) w płynie stosowanym do dializ i kationów w płynie dializacyjnym oraz dializatach pobieranych od pacjenta leczonego tą metodą. Okres badań obejmował 7 dni, a dializaty były pobierane 4 razy na dobę zgodnie z cyklem wymian. Zastosowane zwalidowane metodyki oparte na chromatografii jonowej z detekcją konduktometryczną pozwoliły na określenie zmian stężeń poszczególnych jonów w analizowanych próbkach oraz udowodniły przydatność chromatografii jonowej do analiz próbek o tak złożonych matrycach, jak próbki płynów dializacyjnych.
EN
Kidney disease relate to more than 10% of the human population. End-stage renal failure in a patient requires renal replacement techniques such as hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. In peritoneal dialysis fluids are used, which are introduced into the peritoneal help remove toxins from the body of the patient. Their composition and quality are crucial for the effects of treatment. The results of the determination of the major inorganic anions (Cl-, NO3-, PO4(3-), SO4(2-)) and cations (Na+, K+, Mg(2+), Ca(2+)) in the fluid used for dialysis and cations in the dialysate and the dialysate collected from a patient to be treated by this method. The study period included the seven days, and dialysate were collected 4 times a day in the cycle of exchanges. Validated methodology applied based on ion chromatography with conductivity detection enabled the determination of changes in the concentration of various ions in the samples analyzed and proved the usefulness of ion chromatography for the analysis of samples with complex matrices such as dialysis fluid samples.
8
Content available remote Cations on Ion Chromatography by Phosphate-Coated Zirconia Stationary Phase Column
EN
Ion chromatography of inorganic cations using a phosphate-coated zirconia stationary phase (PZ) was first attempted. The retentions of cations to PZ increased by elevating the column temperature and the reproducibility of the separation could improve at the higher temperature. The PZ functioned as a cation-exchanger from changes in the retention factor of cations as a function of eluent pH. Furthermore, the Gibbs free energies of cations were estimated from enthalpy and entropy using the retention factors of cations as a function of the column temperature. The reaction was based on the endothermic reaction.
PL
Główną zaletą superabsorbentów (SAPów) jest zdolność pęcznienia i magazynowania roztworów. Istnieją czynniki, które znacznie ograniczają zdolności absorbcyjne superabsorbentów. Należą do nich m.in. występowanie w roztworze kationów dwuwartościowych oraz zasolenie. Celem badań było określenie wpływu jonów jedno- i dwuwartościowych oraz stopnia zasolenia roztworu na właściwości sorpcyjne superabsorbentu o nazwie handlowej Aquarorb 3005 KL.
EN
The main advantage of superabsorbents (SAPs) is swelling ability and storage solutions. There are factors that significantly reduce superabsorbent’s absorption capacity. These include the presence of mono- and divalent cations in a solution and salinity. The aim of this study was to determin the impact of single- and divalent cations and solution salinity on sorption ability of superabsorbent with trade name Aquarorb 3005 KL.
10
Content available Zastosowania chromatografii jonowej w przemyśle
PL
Do najważniejszych zastosowań chromatografii jonowej, która stanowi odmianę wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej, należy oznaczanie nieorganicznych anionów takich jak: F-, Cl-, NO2-,NO3-, Br-, PO43-, SO42- oraz kationów, takich jak: Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+ i Mg2+ w różnego rodzaju wodach i ściekach. Wprowadzanie nowych wysokowydajnych i selektywnych wymieniaczy jonowych do kolumn jonowymiennych, a także nowych metod przygotowania próbek i czułych sposobów detekcji, pozwolił rozszerzyć zakres tych zastosowań do praktycznie wszystkich substancji tworzących formy jonowe, a także takich, które mogą być pośrednio wykrywane tą metodą, po odpowiednich reakcjach derywatyzacji. W pracy przestawiono wybrane zastosowania chromatografii jonowej w badaniach próbek pochodzących z różnych gałęzi przemysłowych, takich jak przemysł spożywczy, farmaceutyczny, energetyczny, chemiczny, metalurgiczny czy papierniczy.
EN
The most important applications of ion chromatography, which is a variation of high performance liquid chromatography, is determination of inorganic anions (e.g. F-, Cl-, NO2-,NO3-, Br-, PO43-, SO42-) and cations (e.g. Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+ i Mg2+) in various types of water and wastewater. The introduction of new highly efficient and selective stationary phases for ion-exchange columns, as well as new methods of sample preparation and sensitive detection methods, allow to broaden the scope of these applications for all ion-forming substances, as well as those that can be indirectly detected by this method after appropriate derivatization reactions. The paper describes selected applications of ion chromatography in different industry branches, such as food, pharmaceutical, energy, chemical, metallurgical and paper industry.
PL
VoltIC pro jest idealnym połączeniem techniki woltamperometrycznej z chromatografią jonową do jednoczesnego oznaczania anionów, kationów oraz metali ciężkich. Oprogramowanie MagIC Net™ steruje chromatografem jonowym oraz uruchamia oznaczenia woltamperometryczne, a następnie zbiera wszystkie wyniki z obu analiz, generując jeden raport końcowy z analizy.
EN
VoltIC pro is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the simultaneous determination of anions, cations and heavy metals. MagIC Net ™ controls IC devices, starts voltammetric determination, and summarizes the results of both analyses.
EN
Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline earth metals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), in which the pore size is 0.3-1.2 nm and depends on the structure of the zeolite. They consist of tetrahedrons of [AlO4]-5- and [SiO4]4-, which make ordered crystal lattice of rings, channels and chambers. Variable degree of oxidation of silicon (IV) and aluminum (III) causes their electronegative character. The size of the charge may determine the adsorption, ion exchange and catalytic capacities of zeolite. The structure made of ring tetrahedron units contains open tunnels, making zeolites also molecular sieves. Zeolites are mostly used for adsorption of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions, removal of radioactive elements and heavy metals, and recent studies suggest the possibility of application of zeolites for removal of chloroorganic compounds and oily pollutants. The most widely used zeolite in practice for water and wastewater treatment is clinoptilolite, which is characterized by large ion exchange and adsorption capacity. Authors of many works explain the adsorption process with ion exchange. But when interpreting the results the authors do not consider that the zeolites have also tunnels that make them also molecular sieves. As a result of ion adsorption on clinoptilolite in hydrogen or sodium form, pH of the solution decreases, resulting in possible formation of electropositive, electronegative complexes and dissociated ions which make up aquaions, increasing or decreasing the effectiveness of their removal. During usage of modified zeolites for the adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions, many accompanying processes take place, such as precipitation, coprecipitation and catalytic adsorption. The influence of the physicochemical properties of natural zeolite and zeolite in the hydrogen form on an aqueous solution in the process of washing out is presented in the paper. Presented results clear prove that the decisive factor affecting the quality of the aqueous solution after the washing out process is initial pH of the solution. Depending on method of modification, physicochemical properties of zeolites can vary considerably. Transformation of natural zeolite into the hydrogen form increases its acidity and physical and chemical resistance. Modification of zeolite with HCl may also increase the content of pure zeolite by dissolution of other, non-zeolite materials. Zeolite H has a greater content of of silicon and aluminum compounds in relation to total mass which is a result of introduction of protons into the zeolite. This is confirmed by lower content of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (sodium, calcium and potassium) in ZH. Exchange of ions of sodium, potassium, calcium for protons is a result of modification of ZN with HCl. Examination of washing out process showed that there is a small migration of impurities (Fe and Ca) from ZH as compared to ZN. At the same time increase of iron content in the solution increases its turbidity. And also turbidity depends on the initial pH of the solution. It's highest value was observed when the initial pH was equal to 6. Significant increase of turbidity as a function of pH is mainly caused by abrasion of zeolite grains in the process of shaking and by formation of precipitable complexes of iron and calcium. The paper presents also the results of zeta potential measurements. potential of H zeolite in the investigated range of pH has a much higher absolute values compared to ZN and vary in the range from -20 mV to -30 mV. H zeolite has a higher electrostatic activity than natural zeolite. Potential creating ions such as H+ and OH- have decisive influence on the zeolite surface charge.
PL
Chromatografia jonowa, przeznaczona głównie do badania wody i ścieków, znajduje coraz częściej zastosowanie do oznaczania nieorganicznych jonów w innych matrycach, takich jak napoje, np. herbata. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera wyniki badań zawartości wybranych nieorganicznych anionów oraz kationów, a także wybranych metali, w 6 herbatach zielonych dostępnych na rynku polskim.
EN
Ion chromatography, which is dedicated mostly to water and waste water analysis, recently has been used for the determination of inorganic ions in other matrix samples, such as beverages, for example teas. The results of determination of selected inorganic anions and cations, as well as selected metals, in 6 green teas available on the Polish market are described in the paper.
EN
Chiral alfa,omega,-diamines react under high-pressure conditions (10 kbar) with alfa,omega,-dicarboxylates to give chiral cyclic tetraamides having C2-symmetry. The alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ ) binding selectivities of tetraamides are evaluated by way of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The ralative binding selectivities are estimated from the mass spectral intensities of the metal complexes.
15
Content available remote Effect of cations on ultrafiltration of humic acid and BSA mixture
EN
In membrane treatment of wastewater containing proteins, humic acid influences the rate and extent of fouling. Cations may increase the tendency of foulants to precipitate due to the changes in intermolecular electrostatic interactions. In this paper, we investigated the effect of cations, including ionic charge and size of hydrated ion, on ultrafiltration of the solutions containing the mixture of HA and bovine serum albumin (BSA). All experiments were carried out in an Amicon batch stirred cell using Amicon XM50, XM300, YM100 ultrafiltration membranes with molecular weight cut-offs of 50 kDa, 300 kDa and 100 kDa, respectively, and Sartorius microfiltration membranes with a nominal pore size of 0.2 mm. Humic substances were extracted from a commercial sample of sphagnum peat from Northern Ireland (Bulrush). In the presence of Ba2+ cations, the HA rejection in the solutions containing HA and BSA was higher compared to the solutions containing Na+ cations. Unlike monovalent cations, divalent cations interact specifically with natural organic matter (NOM) and form metal humic complexes. The binding of divalent cations with natural organic matter is responsible for the development of a dense layer on the membrane surface. Metal cations may also act as a bridge between humic acid and protein. These phenomena result in a higher deposition of substances on the membrane surface leading to lower flux and higher rejection in the presence of divalent metal cations. In addition to the charge, the size of cation plays a role in the deposition process. The solutions containing MgCl2×6H2O are characterizing by higher flux and lower rejection compared to the solution containing BaCl2×2H2O at all ultrafiltration membranes. This phenomenon may be attributed to the size of Mg2+and Ba2+ ions.
PL
Dokonano przeglądu chemicznych, termodynamicznych i kinetycznych właściwości kationów metali w roztworach wodnych. Omówiono współczesne poglądy na strukturę hydratów, wymianę molekuł wody oraz hydrolizę soli. Zwrócono uwagę na kwasowość hydratów. Wskazano istotne związki między stanem koordynacyjnym soli w roztworach wodnych a właściwościami fizykalnymi roztworów. Omówiono formy wystepowania kationów metali w wodzie morskiej.
EN
Chemical, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of metal cations in aqueous solutions are presented and discussed in terms of structural factors controlling physical properties of the systems. Structure of hydrated cations, reaction mechanism of water exchange on the cations, hydrolytic phenomena and acidity of the cations are descibed. Correlations between coordination states of the salts in and bulk properties of the solutions are indicated. Elements of aquatic chemistry are presented.
17
Content available remote Korozja wiejskich instalacji wodnych
PL
Na podstawie zebranych danych o jakości wody w ujęciach wykorzystywanych w gospodarstwach wiejskich oraz o materiałach użytych do wykonania instalacji wodnych, przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z zachowaniem się stali, stali ocynkowanych, miedzi i tworzyw sztucznych w środowisku wodnym. Główną uwagę zwrócono na zagrożenia korozyjne materiałów użytych w instalacjach do przesyłu wody zimnej oraz wody o temperaturze do 600°C. Przedstawiono środki zaradcze mające na celu zwiększenie trwałości instalacji wodnych.
EN
On the basis of collected data on water quality in water intakes used by rural households and about materials used for water supply system construction some problems of behaviour of steel, zinc-plated steel, copper and plastics in water environment was presented. Threats posed by corrosion to materials used for construction of installations used for transport of cold water and water of the temperature up to 60°C were mainly emphasised. Remedial measures aimed at improvement of water supply system durability were presented.
EN
Penguin rookeries are one of the main sources of nutrients for the poor ecosystem of Antarctica. At the current penguin rookeries, and in their vicinity, nitrogen rich ornithogenic soils areformed. Relictornithogenic soils created at the abandoned rookeries hundreds or even thousands years ago are rich in phosphates. In the region of maritime Antarctica, water plays an important role in distribution and redistribution of nutrients (surface flows and percolation). Soil decomposition processes result in cations and nutrient release. In nutrients originating from relict ornithogenic soils of the Antarctic tundra, phosphates are the dominating elements;while in nutrients originating from contemporary ornithogenic soils nitrogen (mainly ammonia) is the main ingredient. Mineral soils free of penguin influence contain minute amounts of nutrients. Low pH of soil solutions (<4) causes increase of dissolving of phosphate complexes. Near penguin rookery, pH was lowest (2.73-3.33) and intermediate (2.92-3.77) in relict soils. The values of pH were the highest in soil solutions from mineral soil (5.43-7.33). High concentration of cations (mainly K) in soil solutions from the ornithogenic soils and relict ornithogenic soils, suggest their organic (animal) origin.
PL
W latach 1998-1999 zbadano stopień zanieczyszczenia chemicznego wód gruntowych gruntów ornych i użytków zielonych w dwóch regionach glebowo-rolniczych Opolszczyzny. W rejonie rolniczym opolskim użytki rolne zlokalizowane były na glebach lekkich, a w rejonie głubczyckim - na glebach ciężkich. Próbki wody pobierano co miesiąc z piezometrów i rowu melioracyjnego oznaczając w nich poszczególne kationy i aniony. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że pH badanych wód gruntowych na polu ornym rejonu opolskiego kwalifikowało wodę do niskiej klasy jakości, zawartość azotu azotanowego, amonowego i potasu pozwala zaliczyć badaną wodę do klasy niskiej i średniej, natomiast zawartość wapnia, magnezu, sodu, wodorowęglanów, siarczanów, fosforanów i chlorków kwalifikowała wodę do wysokiej i najwyższej klasy czystości. Wymienione cechy wód w rejonie głubczyckim są lepsze i pozwalają zaliczyć tamtejsze wody gruntowe do średniej i wysokiej klasy jakości. Wody gruntowe z użytków zielonych odznaczały się wyższą klasą czystości niżwody z gruntów ornych.
EN
Between 1998 and 1999 the level of the chemical pollution of ground water on arable ground and grasslands in two soil-agricultural regions of the Opole Province was examined. In the Opole agricultural region the arable land was located on light soil, whereas, in the Głubczyce region - on heavy one. The samples of water were taken every month from piezometers and a drainage ditch and their ionic composition was determined. The obtained results indicate that the pH of the ground water in the arable ground of the Opole agricultural region place the examined water into a law class of quality, the amount of nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and potassium may classify the examined water into a law or average class - on the other hand - the amount of calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulphates, phosphates and chlorides may classify this water into a high quality as well as the highest qualily of cleanliness. The mentioned features of the ground water of the Głubczyce region are better and let that ground water rank among an average or high class of cleanliness. The ground water from the grassland was much cleaner than the one from the arabIe ground.
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