Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Wizualizacja parametru rozmycia Gaussa i siatki populacji w interaktywnym portalu anamorfoz kartograficznych

Lamparski J., Szombara S.

Roczniki Geomatyki

|

2018

|

T. 16, z. 1(80)

33--44

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wynik prac w postaci przygotowanego geoportalu anamorfoz kartograficznych. W obliczeniach wykorzystano algorytm Gastnera-Newmana. Użytkownik geoportalu może sterować takimi parametrami jak parametr rozmycia Gaussa i wielkość siatki populacji, a także stopień generalizacji granic pól podstawowych, jak i stopień agregacji danych ludnościowych. W geoportalu zastosowano wiele bibliotek i rozwiązań JavaScript, częściowo dokonując ich modyfikacji. Utworzony geoportal dobrze spełnia swoją rolę edukacyjną i poznawczą.

EN

The paper presents the results of works in an anamorphic map portal. The Gastner-Newman algorithm was used for calculations. A geoportal user can control parameters such as the Gaussian blur parameter and the population grid size, as well as the degree of generalization of areas’ boundaries and the degree of population data aggregation. A number of libraries and JavaScript solutions were applied in the geoportal, with some of them being partially modified. As a result, an interactive map portal was created that meets its educational and cognitive purposes.

2

Ocena programów GIS wykorzystywanych do opracowania kartograficznych anamorfoz powierzchniowych

Markowska A., Korycka-Skorupa J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

|

2015

|

T. 47, nr 1

21--32

PL

W artykule omówiono programy komputerowe, służące do automatycznego opracowywania kartograficznych anamorfoz powierzchniowych. Poruszono kwestię algorytmów, na podstawie których można opracować różne typy anamorfoz powierzchniowych. Celem artykułu była również ocena dostępnego na rynku oprogramowania, służącego do generowania takich anamorfoz. Opracowując kartograficzne anamorfozy powierzchniowe należy zadecydować, jaki typ mapy chcemy otrzymać, a tym samym jaki należy zastosować algorytm. Kolejnym etapem jest wybór oprogramowania, które często uzależnione jest od wcześniej wybranego typu anamorfozy. Przedstawione w artykule programy są bezpłatne. Do wykonania anamorfoz w analizowanych programach wykorzystane zostały dane dotyczące wyborów prezydenckich w Polsce w 2010 roku. Na potrzeby badania wykonane zostały anamorfozy powierzchniowe Polski w podziale na województwa oraz mapy województwa mazowieckiego w podziale na powiaty. Wybrane programy zostały poddane wnikliwiej ocenie. Wyniki badań pokazały, że programami, które w największym stopniu spełniają założone kryteria są: Cartogram Utility for ArcGIS, Scape Toad oraz MapViewer 7. Przy opracowywaniu anamorfoz powierzchniowych ważny jest kształt otrzymywanej mapy. W zależności od zastosowanego geodezyjnego układu odniesienia można otrzymać różne anamorfozy – bardziej lub mniej przypominające geograficzne zarysy jednostek administracyjnych. Dlatego też należy dobierać układ geodezyjny w zależności od obszaru, a jeżeli nie jest to możliwe, to po opracowaniu mapa powinna być dopracowana w programach graficznych.

EN

The purpose of this article is to report a study aimed at systematic assessment of the functionality of commercially available software for the automatic generation of area cartograms. The issue of the wide choice of algorithms developed over the years for generating various types of surfaces has also been raised. Cartograms (called also anamorphic maps) are constructed by changing the surface area of each spatial unit in step with the corresponding value of the mapped thematic variable (area cartogram) or changing accordingly the distance between the preselected focal point and other points on the map (distance cartogram). Depending on the shape of mapping units, the following three types of area cartograms can be distinguished: • proportional symbol cartogram were the original shapes of mapping units have been replaced with simple geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles or circles (for example, Dorling Circle Cartograms, square cartogram); • continuous regular cartograms where the shapes of areal units on the map resemble the actual shapes of the mapped units but their boundaries have been geometrized to consist of perpendicular sections; • continuous irregular cartograms where the shapes of areal units on the map resemble the actual shapes of the mapped units but unit boundaries are not straight lines. Cartograms can also be constructed to preserve spatial contiguity (continuous cartograms) or not (noncontinuous cartograms), with the latter often preserving the underlying neighborhood relationships to some degree. While constructing area cartogram, one needs to decide first the type of a surface to be developed, and therefore, the algorithm to be applied. The next step in map construction is the choice of software, where tool selection depends often on the predetermined type of the cartogram. The study surveyed five programs for the construction of area cartograms – all available free of charge. Each of those software tools was used to generate area cartograms portraying data from the 2010 presidential election in Poland. Two groups of areal cartograms where generated for the purpose of this study: maps of the entire Poland by voivodships, showing the number of valid votes cast for the two presidential candidates in each voivodship, and maps of the Mazowieckie voivodship by county, portraying the number of valid votes cast for the individual candidates in each county. The subsequent in-depth assessment of surveyed programs took into account eleven criteria including the number of cartogram types that might be developed using each program, availability of tools for the proper legend construction and display, possibility of supplementing the cartogram with complementary choropleth maps, the option for inserting map labels, the type of spatial data that can be used in the software (reference to points, lines, polygons) and so on. The study has demonstrated that the tool included in the ArcGIS (Cartogram Utility for ArcGIS) best met the survey criteria scoring 9 points. The application Scape Toad placed second (7.5 pts.), while MapViewer 7 came third (6.25 pts.). When generating cartograms in the available GIS programs, one should also pay attention to the visual qualities of the generated maps, and in particular, to the resemblance of shapes of spatial units on the map to the their actual geographic boundaries. Since the shape outlines obtained on the map vary depending on the underlying geodetic reference system, the best coordinate system for the mapped area should be selected. However, if such system cannot be used within a given cartogram generating tool, then the obtained cartogram should be exported and refined with some general software package for graphic editing.

3

An evaluation of GIS tools for generating area cartograms

Markowska A., Korycka-Skorupa J.

Polish Cartographical Review

|

2015

|

Vol. 47, No. 1

19--29

EN

The purpose of this article is to report a study aimed at systematic assessment of the functionality of commercially available software for the automatic generation of area cartograms. The issue of the wide choice of algorithms developed over the years for generating various types of surfaces has also been raised. Cartograms (called also anamorphic maps) are constructed by changing the surface area of each spatial unit in step with the corresponding value of the mapped thematic variable (area cartogram) or changing accordingly the distance between the preselected focal point and other points on the map (distance cartogram). Depending on the shape of mapping units, the following three types of area cartograms can be distinguished: - proportional symbol cartograms were the original shapes of mapping units have been replaced with simple geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles or circles (for example, Dorling Circle Cartograms, square cartogram); - continuous regular cartograms where the shapes of areal units on the map resemble the actual shapes of the mapped units but their boundaries have been geometrized to consist of perpendicular sections; - continuous irregular cartograms where the shapes of areal units on the map resemble the actual shapes of the mapped units but unit boundaries are not straight lines. Cartograms can also be constructed to preserve spatial contiguity (continuous cartograms) or not (noncontinuous cartograms), with the latter often preserving the underlying neighborhood relationships to some degree. While constructing area cartogram, one needs to decide first the type of a surface to be developed, and therefore, the algorithm to be applied. The next step in map construction is the choice of software, where tool selection depends often on the predetermined type of the cartogram. The study surveyed five programs for the construction of area cartograms – all available free of charge. Each of those software tools was used to generate area cartograms portraying data from the 2010 presidential election in Poland. Two groups of area cartograms where generated for the purpose of this study: maps of the entire Poland by voivodships, showing the number of valid votes cast for the two presidential candidates in each voivodship, and maps of the Mazowieckie voivodship by county, portraying the number of valid votes cast for the individual candidates in each county. The subsequent in-depth assessment of surveyed programs took into account eleven criteria including the number of cartogram types that might be developed using each program, availability of tools for the proper legend construction and display, possibility of supplementing the cartogram with complementary choropleth maps, the option for inserting map labels, the type of spatial data that can be used in the software (reference to points, lines, polygons) and so on. The study has demonstrated that the tool included in the ArcGIS (Cartogram Utility for ArcGIS) best met the survey criteria scoring 9 points. The application Scape Toad placed second (7.5 pts.), while MapViewer 7 came third (6.25 pts.). When generating cartograms in the available GIS programs, one should also pay attention to the visual qualities of the generated maps, and in particular, to the resemblance of shapes of spatial units on the map to the their actual geographic boundaries. Since the shape outlines obtained on the map vary depending on the underlying geodetic reference system, the best coordinate system for the mapped area should be selected. However, if such system cannot be used within a given cartogram generating tool, then the obtained cartogram should be exported and refined with some general software package for graphic editing.

4

Kartogram i kartodiagram jako przykład łączenia metod prezentacji kartograficznej

Dębowska A., Korycka-Skorupa J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

|

2010

|

T. 42, nr 4

305-320

PL

W artykule omówiono różne aspekty łączenia dwóch metod prezentacji - kartogramu i kartodiagramu na jednej mapie. Zwrócono uwagę na dopasowanie graficzne obu metod oraz na charakter i odniesienie przedstawianych w ten sposób danych. Pokazano przykłady takich połączeń, od najprostszych zastosowań po skomplikowane ujęcia anamorficzne.

EN

Presentation of data on maps requires appropriate graphic methods to make the presented information logical and clear for map users. Depending on the range of information cartographers decide to use one, two or several presentation methods on a single map. A common combination is of a choropleth map with a diagram map. A choropleth map consists of area units (geometrical or administrative) designated with a color scale, a method for map background, while a diagram map consists of scaled diagrams appearing 'on top'. Because of this the two methods match and do not interfere graphically. Thus more data can be presented on a single map. It is important that data is logically selected and thematically linked, to create a new quality -communicate new information. Let us look at a combination of a choropleth map and a diagram map in relation to data selection. Considering possible combinations of two types of data (relative and absolute) with two methods of presentation, four types of combinations can be distinguished. (fig- 2). Type A is the most common and most correct according to cartographic methodology. Type B is also quite common. Type C seems incorrect because of a choropleth presentation of absolute data, which is contrary to theoretical recommendations of cartographic methodology. The last type is against the rules of cartographic methodology and is not used. When analyzing a combination of a choropleth map and a diagram map on a single map it is worth having a look not only at the character of data but also at what it relates to. In the case of a choropleth map data al-ways relates to area units. In diagrams data can relate to points, lines as well as area. Therefore the following types of graphic solutions can be determined (fig. 10). Type I is definitely the most common combination. Both methods relate to the same area units, which significantly facilitates map reading and interpretation. Many maps of Type II can be found in atlases, especially in maps thematically linked to population and industry, where data is related to points (diagrams) and area (choropleth). In such cases choropleth map is used to present various markers in relation to whole area unit: voivodship, countries, eta, while a diagram map presents e.g. cities or industrial centers. Type III is used when there is a need to show movement against the background of a choropleth map. Often the presented topic is so broad that it requires several graphic techniques simultaneously. They can be various types of diagrams (various shapes and colors), a complex choropleth map (two choropleth maps superimposed), various signatures and other methods of presentation (isolines, dots, ranges). Browsing through maps one can easily find ones with simultaneous use of several choropleth maps and diagram maps. There also exist some more complex combinations, which result in a single 'new' method of presentation, such as choropleth maps basing on a diagram or cartograms. Map authors combine the choropleth method with a diagram method to present a certain group of topics. This combination is often used to present socio-economic issues, because they require quantitative or ordering methods, of which a choropleth map and a diagram map are the most popular. While selecting data for cartographic presentation it should be remembered that using two or more sets of data on a single map has to be justified. Data shown on a single map has to be complimentary, self-explanatory and selected correctly from the point of cartographic methodology and graphic design. Any attempt to make an exhaustive and clear presentation of a particular problem on a map requires some graphic techniques involving a combination of cartographic methods. Clarity of such presentation depends on data selection, graphic design and perception of map user. Presented analysis does not conclude the topic of research, rather it opens the door towards a broader view of the potential of combining various cartographic methods.

5

Analiza danych przyrodniczych i koncepcja monitoringu na przykLadzie ekspansji trzciny pospolitej w Narwianskim Parku Narodowym

Próchnicki P.

Roczniki Geomatyki

|

2004

|

T. 2, z. 2

200-208

EN

The Narew River valley within the boundaries of the Narew National Park has great natural values. This is the last part of the valley, which is not damaged by land reclamation works. It has the character of an open peatland ecosystem. A unique phenomenon of the Park.s nature is the specific system of hydrologic relations (anastomosing system), the naturalness of site conditions, abundance of fauna and flora. Formerly, tall-sedges plant communities were predominant kind of the Park.s vegetation. Recently, substitution of tall-sedges for high-rushes that chiefly consist of common reed have been observed. Overgrowing with reed is dangerous because it decreases the biodiversity of the Park's ecosystem. Considering the biological property of the common reed and traits of the Narew ecosystem, the main hypothesis was that intensity of the reed.s expansion is dependent on density of the river-bed in the valley. To establish the range of Phragmites communities, aerial photographs from the growing season - dated 1987 and 1997 - were interpreted. These vegetation distributions are mapped and digitized into a GIS application. An overlay of these Phragmites ranges is used to determine reed.s acreage and intensification of changes of the Park.s vegetation. Additionally, on the base of 1997.s aerial photos the map of Narew river-bed was made to prove the hypothesis the main problem of the spatial data analysis was preparation of derivative data which would be possible to statistical assessment. Application of cartogram method provided solution of the problem. The cartogram was built of regular fields (500 x 500 m) and was introduced to the GIS. The measuring of rushes area and river-bed length was carried out in each field. The series of measurement were used to generate thematic cartogram and for statistical purposes. The cartographic measurement has showed an increase of the area of reed.s rushes by 16% within 10 years. The spread of these rushes varies within the boundary of the Narew valley. A visual analysis of the cartogram allows to conclude that there is a relationship between the area of reed rushes and river-bed density. The statistical analysis proved this observation. The to more to the bank-line of the river-bed, the more reed rushes covered given area. Furthermore, the introduced cartogram may serve as monitoring tool. By gathering spatial data and establishing relationships we can designate crucial field to reed.s expansion. Measurement of the increase of reed.s area may be interpolated at the whole valley.