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3 TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

3 2021

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Selected quality characteristics of sea salt important during transport and storage

Śmiechowska M., Ruszkowska M., Olender O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2021

Vol. 15 No. 3

659--665

Salt is obtained in various regions of the world and using differing technologies. The origin of the salt and its production methods influence its composition, properties and application possibilities. In recent years, sea salt has attracted a lot of interest, as it is commonly believed that it is richer in minerals than pure evaporated salt. One of the oldest methods of extracting edible salt in the world is the evaporation of seawater. Salinas are found in coastal zones of seas and oceans around the world. The salt obtained in the salin is transported to its destination by various means of transport, including sea transport. Taking into account the classification of sea cargo, salt is classified as solid mass cargo, and due to the physicochemical properties of salt, the transport of this product by sea requires security. The aim of this study was to present selected quality parameters of sea salt that are important in its transport and storage. Parameters relevant from the point of view of transport, storage, technology and processing, which are important in shaping the quality of sea salts were compared in salts obtained in various European salinas vs. Himalayan salt. These parameters included water activity, degree of granulation and discharge angle and embankment angle. The paper also presents the characteristics of sea salts from microscopic analysis and an assessment of the correct labeling of the product, which is important for the consumer of the packaged product. In land transport, not only sea salt is transported in bulk, but also the product in commercial packaging, most often weighing 1 kg.

Hygroscopic properties of green coffee transported by sea

Ruszkowska M., Dmowski P., Urbanowicz K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2021

Vol. 15 No. 3

641--647

The aim of research was to evaluate the hygroscopic properties of green coffee beans determining its quality during sea transportation. The research material consisted of seven samples of unroasted bean coffee from different countries of origin (Kenya, India, Ethiopia, Columbia and Guatemala) obtained directly from the coffee producer. The water content of green coffee must not exceed 12% as it then has a tendency to grow mould and become musty. Coffee beans require particular temperature, humidity/moisture and possibly ventilation conditions and therefore, to explore and predict the behaviour during transport of green coffee its equilibrium moisture content must be determined for a range of transport temperatures and relative humidity levels . The present paper focuses on the evaluation of the hygroscopic properties of green coffee from different countries of origin based on isotherms of water vapour sorption and characteristic selected parameters of the surface microstructure determining transport conditions and the microbiological stability of this cargo. While assessing the quality and transport durability of green coffee beans, based on the parameters of monomolecular layer capacity and the specific surface area of sorption, it was found that especially samples of coffee from Guatemala and Ethiopia were the least susceptible to changes in the transport conditions.

Analysis of modern port technologies based on literature review

Kosiek J., Kaizer A., Salomon A., Sacharko A

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2021

Vol. 15 No. 3

667--674

Modern technologies provide the optimization, the management, and the automation of the port operation and the logistics processes, hence they create an effective advance which strengthens the port's position among the maritime communities. If it is not enough, they also improve the integration of governing bodies to standardize and harmonize the reporting formalities. Ports have been especially challenged during the COVID - 19 pandemic. The port enterprises, which had dynamically introduced innovative solutions, have maintained their position on the market. This means that innovation is the only way to maintain a high position in the international economy. The aim of the study is to present a review of port technologies, which is based on literature. The article was written in accordance with the method of literature analysis.