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Assessment of Heavy Metal Inhalation Risks in Urban Environments in Poland: A Case Study

Majewski Grzegorz, Klik Barbara, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja, Rybak Justyna, Radziemska Maja, Liniauskienė Ernesta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2023

Vol. 24, nr 11

330--340

In recent years, heightened air pollution characterized by elevated levels of particulate matter and potentially toxic metals has become a prominent concern, particularly in densely populated urban areas, which may pose a threat to the health of the population. The present study aims to conduct a comprehensive health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via inhalation, with a focus on submicron particles (PM1), in two major cities of Poland - Warsaw and Zabrze. These cities were selected due to their distinct levels of urbanization and industrialization. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks assessment was performed for children and adults. The carcinogenic risk was evaluated for As, Cd, Cr(VI), Ni, Pb, and Co, classified as carcinogens, the non-carcinogenic risk evaluation encompassed a broader range of metals, including V, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mg, aiming to comprehensively understand health exposure. The results highlight elevated carcinogenic risk in Zabrze, primarily linked to industrial activities and ongoing emissions. Notably, Ni, As, and Cr(VI) exceed safe limits, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. Moreover, non-carcinogenic risks reveal Zabrze’s heightened respiratory health risks, compared to Warsaw. Despite Warsaw’s lower non-carcinogenic risk values, both cities recorded Ni and Mg concentrations exceeding safe limits. This indicates that Zabrze faces higher health risks from heavy metal exposure due to ongoing pollution sources. In contrast, Warsaw, the capital city and a major urban centre, demonstrates better air quality but still requires continuous monitoring and pollution control measures.

Pollution and health risk assessment of water quality: a case study in Mohammedia prefecture in Morocco

El morabet R., Berhazi L., Khan R. A., Bouhafa S., Khan N. A., Hakh T., Romaniv A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

2022

Vol. 110, nr 2

67--85

Purpose: Water is vital for the sustenance of every life form. Urbanization, growing population and industrial development has led to exploitation of water resources globally. This study assesses quality of water resources of Mohammedia prefecture. Design/methodology/approach: The water quality analysis was carried out based on physio-chemical and heavy metal concentrations. The physio-chemical analysis comprised of status of concentration, overall quality and water pollution index evaluation. The heavy metal evaluation consisted of Ecological Risk Index, non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk assessment. Findings: The landfill near Ben Nfifikh River reported insignificant (WPI<1) – low level of pollution (>1≤1.5) for surface and groundwater points. However, the groundwater for Zenata region was found to pose both carcinogenic (CRt > 0.0001, range 0.4-35.31) and non-carcinogenic risks (HQ>1, range 6 -34) of higher degree rendering it unfit for human consumption. Hence, this study concludes that groundwater resources should not as water supply; instead, Oud El Maleh River can serve as surface water source for meeting requirements of Zenata region. Research limitations/implications: The data obtained can be categorized as landfill area near river Nfifikh and landfill area near river El Maleh. Both areas have been investigated for groundwater and surface water quality assessment. Practical implications: This study demonstrates the need to study the characteristics of groundwater (depth, flow rate, water renewal, etc.) before arranging a waste dump. This problem is especially relevant for arid countries, since residents experience a shortage of water, as well as a lack of rainfall provides a weak renewal of groundwater, which can contribute to the accumulation of a higher concentration of carcinogens in groundwater and provide a high risk to public health. If policymakers in arid countries and decision-makers have effective water quality maps, then the country can be more efficiently managed water resources without risking the population. Originality/value: The current study is planned as a multi-stage, each of which is supposed to conduct field studies of groundwater and surface water quality with appropriate parameters, analysis of institutional reports and related scientific studies in order to create an effective water quality map for rational water use.

Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in the Soil-Plant-Alpaca System and Potential Health Risk Assessment Associated with the Intake of Alpaca Meat in Huancavelica, Peru

Orellana Mendoza Edith, Pérez Saenz Lilia, Custodio María, Bulege Wilfredo, Yallico Luz, Cuadrado Walter

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2021

Vol. 22, nr 3

40--52

The consumption of contaminated natural pastures with highly dangerous and toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by Andean camelids could cause harmful effects on the health of people exposed via consumption of contaminated alpaca meat. The concentration of Cd, Pb and Zn in the soil-plant-alpaca system was determined and the potential health risk associated with the intake of alpaca meat was evaluated. Soil and grass samples were collected in grazing areas of the South American camelid, and in the Municipal Slaughterhouse of Huancavelica, 30 samples of alpaca pectoral muscle were collected. The concentrations of Cd in the soil, grass and alpaca muscle exceeded the threshold values of national and international standards. The bioaccumulation factor values of the three elements studied was less than 1, Cd was the element with the highest bioavailability and mobility in the soil-plant-alpaca muscle system. The mean concentration of Cd in muscle was 0.335 ± 0.088 mg/kg which exceeded the maximum level allowed by the FAO/WHO and the European Commission, the concentration of Pb and Zn did not exceed the regulated limits. No significant differences were detected in accumulation according to sex. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) values for the studied metals indicated that there is no adverse health risk (HI < 1) for children and adults from alpaca meat intake, but they could experience carcinogenic risk from prolonged exposure to Cd, and for exceeding the 1×10–4 limit threshold. It is recommended to conduct further studies on the accumulation of potentially toxic elements in alpaca tissues in order to determine the possible total risk of heavy metals in consumer’s health.