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Do we know PM1 in Poland inside out?

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 4

5--27

EN

The paper provides a concise review of key publications on particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter below 1 μm (PM1) having been published in Poland in the years 2007–2022. Data and conclusions related to the study of concentrations, chemical composition, and content of selected toxic and carcinogenic compounds in PM1 as well as methods and conclusions on the assessment of the origin of PM1 in various regions of Poland have been tabulated. The conclusions of this review attempt to outline the directions of further research that could prove crucial in obtaining information and filling the identified gaps in knowledge about PM1 in Poland. While this work may be theoretical, it can serve as a valuable and compact source material for research groups, organizations supervising and financing research, as well as those responsible for assessing air quality and mitigating negative health effects related to air quality.

2

Rakotwórcza benzydyna

Wojciechowski K., Szymczak A.

Barwniki, Środki Pomocnicze

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2008

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nr 2-3

82-94

PL

Przez długi okres czasu barwniki azowe oparte na benzydynie, 3,3-dimetylobenzydynie, 3,3 '-dimetoksybenzydynie oraz 3,3'-dichlorobenzydynie produkowane były w ogromnych ilościach. Związki te charakteryzują się żywymi kolorami, a przede wszystkim bardzo dobrymi właściwościami użytkowymi i aplikacyjnymi. Od kiedy u pracowników pracujących przy syntezie benzydyny stwierdzono wzrost zachorowalności na nowotwór pęcherza moczowego, rozpoczęto badania in vivo i in vitro, nie tylko nad samą benzydyną, ale także nad jej pochodnymi i barwnikami o nie opartymi. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników jednoznacznie stwierdzono, że benzydyna jest związkiem kancerogennym dla człowieka i zwierząt oraz określono szlak przemian metabolicznych, jakim ona ulega w organizmie żywym.

EN

For a long time azo dyes, derivatives of benzidine, 3,3-dimethylbenzidine, 3,3 '-dimethoxybenzidine and 3,3 '-dichlorobenzidine have been sensitized in a large amounts. These compounds are characterized by vivid colours and first of all they have very good fastness and application properties. Since when, at workers employed at synthesis of benzidine, claimed an increase of morbidity on bladder cancer, there were launched in vivo and in vitro researches, not only with the use benzidine, but also on its derivatives and dyes. On the basis obtained results, it was unambiguously claimed that benzidine is carcinogenic compound for man and animals and also it was determined the metabolic pathway in human body.

3

Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Diesel Combustion

Pośniak M., Makhniashvili I., Kozieł E., Kowalska J.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2003

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Vol. 9, No. 1

17--26

EN

Identification and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Diesel exhaust in the working environment and assessment of workers’ occupational exposure to these suspected human carcinogens were the aim of this experimental investigation. The range of exposure factors calculated on the basis of 9 individual PAH concentrations determined in personal air samples shows that time-averaged concentration of these compounds did not exceed the Polish Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) value for PAHs, that is, 2 µg x m-3. The highest concentrations of PAHs were determined in the breathing zone of forklift operators. The maximum exposure factor was 0.427 µg x m-3(about 1/4 of MAC).

4

Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemical Substances While Processing Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

Pośniak M., Kozieł E., Jeżewska A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2001

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Vol. 7, No. 3

263--276

EN

Air pollutants emitted while processing phenol-formaldehyde resins have been investigated. Gas chromatography-mass-selective detection was used to separate and identify chemical compounds. It was determined that workers were exposed to formaldehyde in all workplaces. Besides, phenol, acetaldehyde, acrylaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, xylene, ethylbenzene, toluene, tetrachlorethene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate were found during the production of frictional materials; and 2-furaldehyde, phenol, naphthalene, 2- furanmethanol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the production of abrasive materials. Quantitative analyses were performed with gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Assessment of occupational exposure indicated that chemical compounds emitted during the investigated processes might be dangerous for human health, mainly because of suspected carcinogenic compounds: formaldehyde and PAHs.

5

Identyfikacja niektórych N-nitrozoamin z zastosowaniem chromatografii cienkowarstwowej

Domański W., Makles Z.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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1998

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Vol. 5, nr 7

563-569

PL

Artykuł zawiera opis rozdziału i identyfikacji N-nitrozodibutyloaminy (NDBA), N-nitrozodietyloaminy (NDEA), N-nitrozodimetyloaminy (NDMA) i N-nitrozomorfoliny (NMOR) metodą chromatografii cienkowarstwowej. Najlepszy rozdział N-nitrozamin uzyskano na płytce z warstewką żelu krzemowego i fazą ruchomą o składzie benzen - chloroform - 95-procentowy kwas octowy (47,6:38,1:14,3). W tych warunkach współczynnik opóźnienia [wzór] wynosi dla: NDMA - 0,37; NMOR - 0,40; NDEA - 0,47; NDBA - 0,54. Do wizualizacji zastosowano roztwór zawierający difenyloaminę i chlorek palladu (II). Płytkę nśśąwietlano światłem ultrafioletowym o fali 254 nm. Opisana metoda analityczna pozwala na wykrycie 0,25 [wzór] NDEA i NDMA oraz 0,1 [wzór] NDBA i NMOR w plamce.

EN

"The article contains a description of the separation and identification of N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) by the thin-layer chromatography method. The best separation was obtained for silica gel plates and the mobile phase, which consists of benzene - chloroform - 95% acetic acid (47,6 : 38,1 : 14,3). In these conditions the Retardation Factor [formula] was for: NDMA - 0,37; NMOR - 0,40, NDEA - 0,4, NDBA - 0,54. The developed solution contained diphenylamine and palladium (II) chloride. The plate was exposed with 254 nm UV waves. The described method permits the detection of 0,25 [formula] NDEA and NDMA as well as 0,1 [formula] NDBA and NMOR in a spot. "