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1

Buffer fluid and method of its preparation for plugback cementing

Suleymanov Eldar, Kuznetsov Vyacheslav A.

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 3

167--171

EN

The study of extensive material on the results of well cementing in various regions of the world shows that the quality of plugging operations is largely determined by the degree of displacement of the drilling fluid from the well. No one has ever specifically developed a buffer fluid for plugback cementing. When carrying out reverse cementing, determining the end time of the cementing process is of great importance, which largely depends on the choice of buffer fluid. The purpose of this work is to give the buffer fluid the properties of a magnetic locking element during plugback cementing of casing strings while increasing its separating ability. To achieve this, carboxymethyl cellulose is additionally dissolved in water before the displacement of the components when preparing a buffer liquid. Rubber crumbs are then mixed with the filler, and mixing is carried out under a pressure of at least 0.2 MPa. The buffer liquid contains the following components in the following wt.% ratios: carboxymethylcellulose 4–5, crumb rubber 7–8, ferromagnetic metal powder 15–16, with the remaining portion being water. The buffer fluid of the optimal composition not only maintains no less (than 98%) displacing power, but also exhibits an exceptionally low filler fall rate (when diluted by half). Furthermore, it does not linger in a pipe with an open end and an annular magnet inside, preventing settling plugs. The economic benefits of using a buffer fluid primarily stems from ensuring reliable control over the filling of the annular space with cement slurry, preventing its pumping from the annulus to the intracasing space, and preventing clogging of the productive underlying formation with cement.

PL

Badanie obszernego materiału na temat wyników cementowania odwiertów w różnych regionach świata pokazuje, że jakość operacji cementowania w dużej mierze zależy od stopnia wyparcia płuczki wiertniczej z odwiertu. Jak dotąd nie opracowano cieczy buforowej przeznaczonej specjalnie do wykonywania korków cementowych. Podczas cementowania odwrotnego bardzo ważne jest określenie czasu zakończenia procesu cementowania, co w dużej mierze zależy od wyboru cieczy buforowej. Celem niniejszej pracy jest nadanie cieczy buforowej właściwości magnetycznego elementu blokującego podczas wykonywania korków cementowych rur okładzinowych przy jednoczesnym zwiększeniu jej zdolności separacyjnych. W tym celu, podczas przygotowywania cieczy buforowej, karboksymetyloceluloza jest dodatkowo rozpuszczana w wodzie przed wyparciem składników. Granulat gumowy następnie jest mieszany z wypełniaczem, przy czym mieszanie odbywa się pod ciśnieniem wynoszącym co najmniej 0,2 MPa. Ciecz buforowa zawiera następujące składniki w następujących proporcjach wagowych (%): karboksymetyloceluloza 4–5, granulat gumowy 7–8, proszek metalu ferromagnetycznego 15–16, a pozostałą część stanowi woda. Ponadto nie zalega w rurze z otwartym końcem i pierścieniowym magnesem wewnątrz, zapobiegając tworzeniu się korka. Korzyści ekonomiczne wynikające ze stosowania cieczy buforowej wynikają przede wszystkim z zapewnienia niezawodnej kontroli nad wypełnianiem przestrzeni pierścieniowej zaczynem cementowym, zapobiegania jego pompowaniu z przestrzeni pierścieniowej do przestrzeni wewnątrz rur okładzinowych oraz zapobiegania kolmatacji produktywnej formacji podziemnej cementem.

2

Study of the Effect of Intensity of Vibrations and Temperature on the Cooling Characteristics of Quenching Media

Perju Manuela-Cristina, Nejneru Carmen, Burduhos-Nergis Dumitru Doru, Vizureanu Petrica, Minciuna Mirabela G., Sandu Andrei Victor

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 3

997--1002

EN

Quenching technology requires the use of media with different cooling intensities and various shapes of cooling curves that show different particularities compared to that of conventional media such as water, oil, or emulsions. The use of synthetic quenching media is relatively new and also has multiple advantages such as non-flammability, safety in use and low cost. In this study, the cooling media tested was obtained by mixing 2 wt% carboxymethyl cellulose with 2 wt% NaOH in one litter of water. Moreover, three different temperatures (20°C, 40°C and 60°C) of the quenching media were evaluated. By dissolution in water, a synthetic solution with low viscosity, surfactant and lubricant was obtained. Because carboxymethyl cellulose is a biodegradable organic material, that is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of paper, a basic substance with a preservative effect was added. According to this study, both the variation diagram of the heat transfer coefficient and the diagram of the cooling rates, during the cooling stages give important indications regarding the use of a liquid cooling medium for quenching.

3

Flotation separation of cassiterite and chlorite using carboxymethyl cellulose as a depressant

Hu Yang, Ying Luo Hong, Zhang Ying, Wei Lu Kuan, Hao Guan Zhen

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 6

art. no. 155141

EN

The nature and mechanism of interaction between carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with cassiterite (and chlorite surfaces) and their effects on the flotation separation process of cassiterite (from chlorite) were investigated by micro-flotation tests, surface adsorption experiments, zeta potential measurements, solution chemical calculation, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). The results from single mineral tests revealed that CMC exhibited good selective inhibition effects with cassiterites and chlorites. When the dosage was 12.5 mg/L at pH 8, cassiterite and chlorite recovery was 92.2% and 6.3%, respectively. The artificial mixed ore test revealed that the flotation separation effect was the best when the dosage of CMC was 6.5 mg/L. Cassiterite used during the studies was 75.1% pure. The recovery was 82.8%. The interaction between CMC and the cassiterite surface led to a shift in the zeta potential toward the negative direction. CMC was weakly adsorbed on the cassiterite surface. There was no significant impact on the subsequent collection of sodium oleate. The concentration of C atom increased post interaction, and the potential shifted toward the negative direction. Characteristic CMC peaks were observed at this point. Hydrogen bonds and weak chemisorption interactions between CMC and chlorite affected the interaction between sodium oleate and the chlorite surface. It also affected the flotation results. The cassiterite and chlorite were separated effectively.

4

Dispersion of sodium phytate on muscovite and the implications for arsenopyrite flotation

Zou Dan, Wang Zhen, Zhao Kaile, Xu Ying

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 6

art. no. 154951

EN

The effective flotation separation of sulfides and sliming silicate minerals is always a difficult problem. In this paper, the selective flotation of arsenopyrite from muscovite was studied by using sodium phytate (SP) as dispersant, and the mechanism was investigated through SEM/EDS, zeta potential, FTIR and XPS measurements. Single mineral flotation results showed that with the increasing isoamyl xanthate (IAX) dosage the recovery of arsenopyrite increased, until 8×10−5 mol/L IAX (79.40% recovery, pH=7), after that it decreased slightly. While muscovite floated poorly at any IAX concentration. For the mixed minerals, arsenopyrite recovery was only 54.63% while that of muscovite was 42.70%, which was attributed to the coverage of muscovite on arsenopyrite surface. When 6×10−5 mol/L SP was added into the mixed minerals system, the recovery of arsenopyrite recovered to 68.26% while that of muscovite was 8.48% (approximate the value of the single mineral). SEM/EDS results showed that SP could disperse muscovite and prevented its coverage on arsenopyrite surface. Zeta potential results showed that the electrokinetic potential of muscovite and arsenopyrite decrease from -26.60mV to -39.01 mV and from -26.90 mV to -27.84 mV at pH=7, respectively. It was obvious that the negatively charged phytate ions selectively adsorbed on the surface of muscovite. FTIR and XPS resulted co-proved the chemisorption of SP with active sites on muscovite while arsenopyrite spectrum did not change significantly, which was consistent with flotation and zeta potential results. The selective adsorption of SP on muscovite compared to arsenopyrite was responsible for the effective separation of them.

5

Isolation of Bacteria from Drill Cuttings, their Identification and Assessment of Destructive Potential

Chernykh Elena G.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

155--163

EN

The drilling of any oil and gas well is accompanied by the use of drilling fluids consisting of chemical reagents and materials of varying degrees of environmental hazard. The existing drilling waste disposal technologies are expensive, energyand labor-intensive, and do not always contribute to the formation of environmentally friendly compounds. In this regard, the possibility of using destructor microorganisms capable of growing and exhibiting biochemical activity under the conditions of complex pollution, in an environment with a high content of hydrocarbons, surfactants and polymer additives capable of biodegrading these substances, is relevant. In connection with the foregoing, the search for new strains of bacteria for the disposal of drilling waste, which are resistant to the conditions of complex toxic effects of drill cuttings components and, at the same time, capable of providing a significant degree of detoxification of the reagents that are part of hydrocarbon-based solutions, is relevant.

6

Minimizing the explosion enthalpy of ammonium nitratewith polyethylene glycol and carboxymethyl celluloseto prevent terrorist attacks

Ozan-Gezerma Ahmet

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 41, nr 3

183-–195

EN

The use of ammonium nitrate due to its high nitrogen content (>26%) has made it the most utilizedfertilizer in agricultural areas. However, being easily accessible with this feature encouraged its use fordifferent purposes. Ammonium nitrate is usually produced with large tonnage (>50ton/h) and highcost (>$20million) production processes. Therefore, any changes that can be made in the processmust be applied in the process so that the result can be achieved easily without increasing the costin any way. In this study, it is aimed to reduce the explosion sensitivity of ammonium nitrate usedfor explosive purposes in terrorist attacks. Thus, it was aimed to solve the problem by adding variouschemicals to the ammonium nitrate production process so that it can only be used for agriculturalpurposes. For this purpose, the production process was examined by adding carboxymethyl celluloseand polyethylene glycol to the ammonium nitrate production process and the accuracy of the resultswas tested by instrumental analysis methods

7

Structural Studies (FTIR, XRD) of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Modified Bentonite

Cukrowicz S., Grabowski B., Kaczmarska K., Bobrowski A., Sitarz M., Tyliszczak B.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, iss. 3

119--125

EN

The study investigates the effect of the organic compound representing the cellulose derivative - sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC/Na) on the structure of the main component of bentonite (B) - montmorillonite (MMT). Structural analysis revealed that the CMC/Na of different viscosity interacts with the mineral only via surface adsorption, causing at the same time partial or full delamination of its layered structure. This was confirmed by the XRD diffraction tests. Such polymer destructive influence on the structure of the modified main component of the bentonite limits the use of its composites as an independent binder in moulding sand technology, but does not exclude it from acting as an additive being a lustrous carbon carrier. According to the IR spectra of the B/CMC/Na materials, it can be stated that the interaction between the organic and inorganic parts is based on the formation of hydrogen bonds. That kind of the interpretation applies especially to the MMT modified in the bentonite with a lower viscosity polymer. The characteristics of the main IR absorption bands for composites with a higher viscosity polymer indicates the formation of less stable structures suggesting the random nature of the hydrogen bonds formation.

8

Grafting of oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose with hydrogen peroxide in presence of Cu(II) to chitosan and biological elucidation

Benghanem S., Chetouani A., Elkolli M., Bounekhel M., Benachour D.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 37, no. 1

94--102

EN

The chemical interaction of chitosan (CS) is performed in the presence of sodium carbox-ymethyl cellulose (CMC) and/or oxidized CMC. The latter is obtained by the action of H2O2/CuSO4 to generate carbonyl and carboxyl groups which were increased with CuSO4 concentration. The characterization of these new materials is made by FTIR, TGA, XRD and SEM. Examination of the hemolytic potential showed that the hydrogels were non hemolytic in nature. The hydrogels were non-toxic and blood-compatible. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of samples were investigated.

9

Natural modified starch and synthetic sizes in function of characteristics of sized yarn

Kovačević S., Dorđević S., Dorđević D.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2016

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Vol. 24, no. 1 (115)

56--66

EN

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in properties of yarn made by sizing with synthetic and natural modified corn starch. Different procedures for obtaining modified natural (corn) starch and various combinations of natural and synthetic sizes were used to explore the differences in the properties of sized yarn. The sizing process was carried out under with constant conditions in a newly developed laboratory sizing machine on twisted cotton yarns of 20×2 tex and 30×2 tex. According to the results obtained, yarn sized with synthetic sizes has substantially better properties than those which are naturally sized with modified starch. However, sometimes these differences are not significant or they do not exist at all. Twisted yarn is not always necessary in sizing in order to increased its strength but rather to protect the surface from wear and refine projecting fibers; in this case natural modified starch from corn can meet the requirements. The significance of this research is the application of natural sizes, improvement of the sizing process with natural modified sizes using new achievements in the development of the sizing process, and thus creating a positive environmental and economic impact.

PL

Celem pracy było zbadanie zmian właściwości przędz preparowanych preparacjami syntetycznymi i z naturalnie modyfikowanej skrobi. Proces nanoszenia preparacji przeprowadzono przy zachowaniu stałych warunków nowo zbudowanej laboratoryjnej maszynie. Obrabiano skręcane przędze bawełniane o masie liniowej 20 × 2 tex i 30 × 2 tex. Zgodnie z otrzymanymi wynikami przędze preparowane preparacją syntetyczną miały zdecydowanie lepsze parametry od przędz z preparacją opartą na modyfikowanej skrobi. Jednakże czasami różnice te nie determinują konieczności zastosowania preparacji syntetycznej zwłaszcza w sytuacji kiedy nie jest wymagane uzyskanie maksymalnej wytrzymałości a istotne są elementy ochrony środowiska i koszty produkcji.