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1

Tests on the Application of Various Types of Biomass for Activated Carbon Production

Skoczko Iwona, Guminski Remigiusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

285--302

EN

Activated carbon (AC) is one of the best adsorbents for removing trace contaminants from air, soil and water due to its adsorption properties. It is produced from carbon-rich materials, mainly fossil raw materials. However, the price of hard coals has increased significantly in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The existing eastern markets became blocked for carbon-raw-material sourcing. It is therefore important to find alternative materials or plant-based products. This study investigated the possibility of manufacturing activated carbon from waste biomass such as sugar beet fibers (SBSF), mixed vegetable processing waste (mainly corn) (MVW) and cherry stones (ChS). The raw material was subjected to pyrolysis, milling, granulation, carbonisation and activation at different times and temperatures. However, of the biomass materials tested, only SBSF in the form of marc can be processed into valuable activated carbon in further production steps. MVW and ChS as carbon substrates showed, in addition to high moisture and ash, low efficiency in decolourising molasses and methylene blue MB and also had a lower specific surface area.

2

Possibilities of Using Low-Density C-C Composites for Thermal Protection of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Yanko Taras, Datsenko Roman, Karpenko Hanna

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2023

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Nr 2 (271)

45--57

EN

The study demonstrates the possibilities of using, as well as the features associated with the use of, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for military and peaceful purposes. Information is provided on the need to use components that would contribute towards ensuring thermal protection against modern laser weapons. The requirements for such materials are given, according to the field of application of the UAV. An analysis of the available materials that can be used to create thermal protection of UAVs against laser weapons is provided. The thermophysical characteristics of various materials are presented. The work presents technological features of production and properties of low-density carbon-carbon composite materials (CCCM). It is proposed to consider the prospects of using CCCM materials for not only the UAV structural components but also other purposes.

3

Removal of Amoxicillin from an Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Prepared from Biomass

Touijer Abdellah, Yahia El Habib, Saidi Mohamed, Taouil Hamid, Allaoui Mohamed, Ahmed Saïd Ibn

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

63--79

EN

Amoxicillin type Amox-500 is a β-lactam antibiotic belonging to the penicillin family, used to treat infections caused by bacteria. This drug has been, purified by the slow recrystallization method and characterized by RAMAN. The treatment of antibiotic-laden effluent is of interest for environmental protection, which is why the field of wastewater treatment is essential for the protection of our environment. In our research, we studied the elimination of amoxicillin as a trace pollutant in untreated wastewater discharges in an aqueous solution prepared in the laboratory, using activated carbon made from banana peel. We also showed the presence of these pharmaceutical pollutants (amoxicillin and paracetamol) in wastewater from the Dradeb area of the city of Tangier in Morocco. In this research, we took advantage of the use of activated carbon, which has been, previously treated in our laboratory for a study, which is, published [Abdellah Touijer et al, 2023]. The amount of amoxicillin adsorption is influenced by various operating parameters, and with the help of a parametric study, we have deduced the best conditions from these parameters to promote good amoxicillin adsorption yield. The amount adsorbed at equilibrium increases proportionally with amoxicillin concentration, and equilibrium is reached after the first 20 min. The maximum equilibrium amoxicillin adsorption capacity (qe) is 35 mg/g for PBC600 (banana peel carbonized at 600°C for 60 min) and PBC700 (banana peel carbonized at 700 °C for 60 min), and 25 mg/g for PBC500 (banana peel carbonized at 500 °C for 60 min). Under the following operating conditions: C0 = 20 mg/l, temperature 20±5 °C, pH=6 lower than pHpzc, adsorbent/adsorbat ratio 0.5 mg/ml, stirring time 45 min. The best adsorption efficiency was 85.2% for PBC700, 79.31% for PBC600 and 12.47% for PBC500, indicating that the amount of amoxicillin adsorbed at equilibrium is proportional to the carbonization temperature. The theoretical study of the adsorption isotherm of amoxicillin on activated carbon prepared from banana peel shows that the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models describe this adsorption phenomenon well, similar to the experimental results. Adsorption of amoxicillin follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic analysis has shown that standard enthalpy (ΔH°), standard free enthalpy (ΔG°), and free entropy (ΔS°) are negative values, allowing us to say that this adsorption process is spontaneous and favorable, meaning the decrease in disorder.

4

Multi-Response Optimisation for the Development of an Activated Carbon Web as Interlining for Higher Electrical Conductivity and EMI Shielding Using Grey Relational Analysis

Naeem M. Salman, Ahmad Naseer, Javed Zafar, Jabbar Abdul, Rehman Ateeq ur, Zubair Muhammad, Gilani Syed Qummer Zia, Ahmad Zuhaib, Karahan Mehmet

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2021

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Vol. 29, no. 1 (145)

57--65

EN

This paper presents a simple and novel method of producing an activated carbon (AC) non-woven web from acrylic waste derived from discarded bathmats converted into a nonwoven web by a carding and needle punching machine. After stabilisation at lower temperature, carbonisation of the stabilised web was performed in a muffle furnace. The carbonisation temperature, the holding time of the activated carbon web at the final temperature, the heating rate to reach the final carbonisation temperature and the number of steps adopted for developing the carbon web were optimised using the grey relational analysis (GRA) approach to get optimum responses of the surface area of the web, electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding. The results demonstrated a large improvement in electrical conductivity as surface resistivity decreased from 134.21 Ω.mm to 0.28 Ω.mm, and the corresponding electromagnetic shielding increased to 82.63 dB when the temperature of the carbonisation, the holding time and number of steps were increased. The surface area in the AC web was increased from 73 m2g-1 to 210 m2g-1 with an increase in the carbonisation temperature, the holding time and number of steps to reach the final temperature. The optimisation technique used in this work could be successfully used in cost and error reductionwhile producing an AC web. The optimised AC web was characterised by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction characterisation and elemental analysis (EDX) in order to determine changes in its structure, surface area, degree of crystallinity, inter-layer spacing and proportion of different elements. The AC web developed can be effectively employed as interlining in apparels because of its flexibility and eco-friendly electromagnetic shielding, as it works on the principle of the absorption, reflections and internal reflections of electromagnetic radiations.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono prostą i nowatorską metodę wytwarzania włókniny z węgla aktywnego (AC) z odpadów akrylowych pochodzących z wyrzuconych dywaników łazienkowych przekształconych we włókninę za pomocą zgrzeblarki i igłownicy. Po stabilizacji w niskiej temperaturze karbonizację stabilizowanej wstęgi przeprowadzono w piecu muflowym. Temperatura karbonizacji, czas utrzymywania wstęgi węgla aktywnego w temperaturze końcowej, szybkość nagrzewania do osiągnięcia końcowej temperatury karbonizacji oraz liczba kroków przyjętych do opracowania sieci węglowej zostały zoptymalizowane przy użyciu metody szarej analizy relacyjnej (GRA), tak aby uzyskać optymalne odpowiedzi pola powierzchni wstęgi, przewodnictwa elektrycznego i ekranowania elektromagnetycznego. Wyniki wykazały dużą poprawę przewodności elektrycznej, ponieważ rezystywność powierzchniowa spadła z 134.21 do 0.28 Ω.mm, a ekranowanie elektromagnetyczne wzrosło do 82.63 dB, gdy temperatura karbonizacji, czas utrzymywania i liczba kroków zostały zwiększone. Pole powierzchni we wstędze AC wzrosło z 73 m2g-1 do 210 m2g-1 wraz ze wzrostem temperatury karbonizacji, czasu przetrzymywania i liczby kroków do osiągnięcia temperatury końcowej. Technika optymalizacji zastosowana w pracy może być z powodzeniem stosowana do redukcji kosztów i błędów podczas produkcji sieci AC. W celu określenia zmian w strukturze, powierzchni, stopniu krystaliczności, odstępach międzywarstwowych i proporcjach elementów dokonano analiz Brunauera, Emmetta i Tellera (BET) oraz charakterystyki dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej i analizy elementarnej (EDX) Opracowana siatka może być skutecznie stosowana jako wkładka w odzieży ze względu na jej elastyczność i przyjazne dla środowiska ekranowanie elektromagnetyczne, ponieważ działa na zasadzie pochłaniania i wewnętrznych odbić promieniowania elektromagnetycznego.

5

Adsorption Kinetics of an Activated Carbon Glass Composite Prepared Using Acrylic Waste Through Laser Treatment

Gilani Syed Qummer Zia, Wiener Jakub, Naeem M. Salman, Javed Zafar, Jabbar Abdul, Abid Hafiz Affan, Karahan Mehmet

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2021

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Vol. 29, no. 4 (148)

81--89

EN

This work explains a novel method of producing activated carbon using laser treatment. Acrylic coated glass samples were developed by padding a glass non-woven sheet in 30% acrylic fibre solution (PAN solution) from waste acrylic bathmats. Samples were then dried and cured at different temperatures. After curing, stabilisation was performed at 230 °C with a heating rate of 50 °C hr-1. Infrared laser irradiation was performed on the stabilised web using a commercial pulsed infrared laser for carbonisation. The resultant acrylic glass carbon composite (AGCC) was characterised with the help of x-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive w-ray, and a scanning electron microscope to determine the increase in crystallinity as well as the percentage of carbon and surface roughness of the carbon glass composites. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbon (AC) glass composite prepared was determined by changing process inputs like the concentration of dye, the amount of AC glass composite, the agitation speed and pH. The results were analysed through different adsorption isotherms. It was established that the Freundlich model can more effectively describe results due to the development of heterogeneous surface characteristics. The kinetics of adsorption were studied using first order and second order models.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano nowatorską metodę wytwarzania węgla aktywnego za pomocą obróbki laserowej. Próbki szkła powlekanego akrylem opracowano przez wyściełanie arkusza włókniny szklanej 30% roztworem włókien akrylowych (roztwór PAN) z odpadów akrylowych mat łazienkowych. Próbki następnie suszono i utwardzano w różnych temperaturach. Po utwardzeniu przeprowadzono stabilizację w 230 °C z szybkością ogrzewania 50 °C/godz. Na stabilizowanej wstędze przeprowadzono naświetlanie laserem podczerwonym przy użyciu komercyjnego impulsowego lasera na podczerwień do karbonizacji. Otrzymany kompozyt akrylowo-węglowy (AGCC) scharakteryzowano za pomocą rentgenowskiej analizy dyfrakcyjnej, energii dyspersyjnej w promieniowaniu oraz skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego w celu określenia przyrostu krystaliczności oraz zawartości procentowej węgla i chropowatości powierzchni. Zdolność adsorpcyjną przygotowanego kompozytu szklanego z węglem aktywnym (AC) określono zmieniając parametry wejściowe procesu, takie jak stężenie barwnika, ilość kompozytu szklanego AC, szybkość mieszania i pH. Wyniki przeanalizowano za pomocą różnych izoterm adsorpcji. Ustalono, że model Freundlich'a skuteczniej opisuje wyniki dzięki rozwojowi niejednorodnych charakterystyk powierzchni. Kinetykę adsorpcji zbadano za pomocą modeli pierwszego i drugiego rzędu.

6

The impact of a Neogene basalt intrusion on the optical properties and internal structure of the dispersed organic matter in Carboniferous strata (SW-part USCB)

Adamczyk Z., Kokowska-Pawłowska M., Komorek J., Klupa A., Lewandowska M., Nowak J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 2

249--262

EN

The S-7 borehole log from the Sumina area (USCB Poland) revealed the presence of three basaltic veins originating from a basalt dyke. Coal interlayers in the rocks surrounding the basaltic veins have been coked to form natural coke. Photometric measurements revealed that the optical properties of the studied natural coke samples are characteristic of semi-graphite (Rmax > 9%). The natural coke matrix of all of the analyzed samples has a biaxial negative optical character. Vitrinite in the examined natural coke samples is characterized by a lower optical anisotropy than that of the natural matrix and it has a biaxial positive optical character. Vitrinite in almost all samples taken at locations more distant from the intrusion has a biaxial positive optical character. A reversal of the changes of the true maximum vitrinite reflectance and bireflectance with changing distance from the second basaltic vein has been observed. The temperature regime that acted upon the dispersed organic matter located in the immediate vicinity of the intrusion, estimated on the basis of the selected experimental data, is suggested to be higher than 750°C.

7

Sorbents from the biomass obtained using traditional and microwave heating.

Bratek W., Bratek K., Kułażyński M., Pawełka M.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Chemii i Technologii Nafty i Węgla Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2002

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Vol. 10, nr 57

203-208

EN

Properties and structure of the chars and activation products obtained from corncob were investigated. The corncobs carbonisation process has been carried out in the laboratory pipe furnace at 500C or in the microwave furnace (650 W). The activation process of the char was performed in a quartz reactor's vertical retort (850C) or in microwave furnace using CO2. From biomass (corncobs) a good sorbents using traditional or microwave heating can be obtained.

8

Properties and structure of zeolite-carbon adsorbents obtained from gas-coking coal and kaolin.

Drąg E., Bratek K., Bratek W.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Chemii i Technologii Nafty i Węgla Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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1999

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Vol. 9, nr 56

351-356

EN

Zeolite-coal adsorbents were prepared from a mixture of gas-coking coal, type 34.2, from the 'Anna' mine and 'Maria' kaolin, from the Nowogrodziec mine in a mass ratio 1:1 during carbonisation, activation and base treatment processes. Behaviour of raw materials, i.e. coal and kaolin, was studied in analogous conditions, in order to explain processes taking place during co-carbonization, co-activation and co-crystallization. Properties and structure of coal chars, activation products and adsorbents, as well as, their usefulness for wastes treatment were onvestigated. The kaolin-coal mixture can be used for production of highly active zeolite-coal adsorbents useful for wastes treatment and air detoxification.

PL

Badano adsorbenty zeolitowo-węglowe z mieszaniny (1:1) z węgla gazowo-koksowego typ 34.2 z kopalni 'Anna' i kaolinu z kopalni 'Maria' w Nowogrodźcu. Mieszaninę oraz surowce poddawano procesom karbonizacji, aktywacji i obróbce alkaliami. Badano właściwości i strukturę porowatą adsorbentów. Wykazano ich przydatność w procesach oczyszczania ścieków i detoksykacji powietrza.

9

Production of grain sorbents by spherical agglomeration of bituminous coal.

Stolarski M., Grabas K., Rutkowski M.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Chemii i Technologii Nafty i Węgla Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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1999

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Vol. 9, nr 56

345-350