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Carbon-ammonia adsorption technology for heating and cooling in buildings

Critoph R. E.

Polska Energetyka Słoneczna

2006

nr 1-2

31-37

Sorption heat pumps and chillers are a relatively new way of providing efficient heating and cooling from heat sources such as solar energy, biomass, waste heat or conventional fuels. Included within the ´sorption´ description are conventional Li-Br systems for air conditioning, ammonia diffusion absorption machines, silica gel water adsorption chillers now being made in Japan and a number of solid adsorption concepts being developed in the EU. The principles are described, together with the choices of working pair and thermodynamic cycle. There is no one `best`solution for all applications within buildings. The principle applications are: trigeneration systems in which exhaust heat of an engine may be used to provide air conditioning, air conditioning system driven by burning fossil fuels or by solar thermal energy, gas-fired heat pumps for domestic applications. Examples of a number of different solar powered air conditioning systems and trigeneration systems are given. At present, solar powered air conditioning using closed cycles cannot be considered economic, due to the high cost, but it is technically feasible and many examples exist. Trigeneration presents many more commercial opportunities. Gas-fired heat pumps have the greatest potential, both in market and carbon dioxide emission reductions, but are the least developed technology. The research at Warwick focuses on carbon-ammonia adsorption cycles for trigeneration and for gas fired heat pumps /chillers. The key challenge is to improve internal heat transfer in order to both reduce the capital and running costs. The latest developments are in two areas; the use of arrays of low-cost modules and new designs of plate heat exchanger. The construction, expenses, and likely applications of the different systems and their performance is presented. As with all energy conservation technologies, there is a trade-off between capital costs and savings and the balance is discussed.