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1

Green Microalgae as a Food Source – Growth Kinetics and Biochemical Composition

El-Haji Sarra, Houzi Ghizlane, Kaioua Samiha, Abdelaziz Chaouch

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

154--160

EN

Microalgae are considered as a renewable natural resource that presents important potentialities to be valorized in several fields. This valorization must necessarily start with a thorough study of the biochemical composition of each species of algae. The objective of this study is to study the evolution of the biochemical composition according to the different stages of growth of three biomasses of microalgae (Fragilaria sp, Scenedesmus protuberans, Polytoma Papilatum) collected from Moroccan aquatic environments. Polytoma Papilatum and Scenedesmus protuberans show high protein content of 89.23±2.58%, 90.4±1.45% respectively in addition to low lipid 2.4±0.23, 1.63±0.2% and carbohydrate 8.08±1.25, 8.19±1.07 respectively. On the other hand, Fragilaria sp has high value of carbohydrate 65.73±3.25% as well as low in protein and lipid contents with values of 33.16±1.76, 1.28±0.29 respectively. The monitoring of the growth kinetics allows differentiating three phases on the growth curve: latent phase, exponential growth phase, and stationary phase. Regarding the biochemical composition, the highest content of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in relation to the harvested biomass reach its maximum at the stationary phase.

2

Does Tofu Wastewater Conversions Nutrient Increase the Content of the Chlorella pyrenoidosa?

Musa Muhammad, Arsad Sulastri, Sari Luthfiana Aprilianita, Lusiana Evellin Dewi, Kasitowati Rarasrum Dyah, Yulinda Elvana Nur, Nadhira Tara, Cahyani Devi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 2

70--76

EN

This study aims to analyze the lipid, carbohydrate and protein content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa after being treated with the tofu wastewater. The method used in this study was an experimental method with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment was performed by administering different concentrations of the tofu wastewater to the C. pyrenoidosa. The concentrations used were 10%, 15% and 20%. Determination of these concentrations was based on the preliminary test. The main parameters observed were the lipid, carbohydrate and protein content of C. pyrenoidosa and the supporting parameters were the growth rate, doubling time and characteristics of the tofu wastewater. The study was conducted for 8 days using the batch culture method. In the exponential phase, the microalgae were harvested and then their contents were analyzed. The data obtained were analyzed using MS Office Excel 2016. The highest content of lipid, carbohydrate and protein of C. pyrenoidosa was in the treatment of 20% tofu wastewater, reaching 1.56%; 28.92%; and 28.92%, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest growth rate and the smallest doubling time in the treatment of 20% tofu wastewater accounted for 0.8264 day-1 and 0.0349 hours-1. Moreover, the rates of BOD and TSS of the tofu wastewater at the end of the study decreased. It can be concluded that administering different concentrations of the tofu wastewater can affect the lipid, carbohydrate and protein content of C. pyrenoidosa. It was suggested that further research is needed to conduct semi-continuous cultivation of C. pyrenoidosa using a higher density so that the results obtained can be optimized.

3

Silver and gold ions recovery from batch systems using Spirulina platensis biomass

Cepoi Liliana, Zinicovscaia Inga, Chiriac Tatiana, Rudi Liudmila, Yushin Nikita, Miscu Vera

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 2

229--240

EN

In order to assess ability of Spirulina platensis to recover silver and gold ions from the environment the bioaccumulation of silver and gold ions and their effect on growth, proteins and carbohydrates content of Spirulina platensis biomass was studied. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) in concentration range 0.01-1 mg/dm3 and tetrachloroaurate Na[AuCl4] in concentration range 18.5-370 mg/dm3 were added as component of the Spirulina platensis cultivation medium. In case of silver two cultivation media were studied: standard and Cl-free. The process of silver and gold uptake was traced using neutron activation analysis. Presence of silver ions in standard cultivation medium reduced biomass productivity by 66 %, while in Cl-free biomass productivity was reduced by 11.8 % only. The reduction of proteins content by 30 % in Cl-free medium and by 19 % in standard medium was also observed. The experiments showed that in case of gold ions loading, the biomass productivity and protein content were reduced only at high Na[AuCl4] concentration in the medium. The behaviour of carbohydrates content change was similar under silver and gold loadings: decrease at low metal concentration followed by increase at high metal concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy allowed observation of spherical metal nanoparticles, which were formed extracellularly during silver and gold bioaccumulation. Spirulina platensis can be used for recovery of precious metals as well as metal nanoparticles production.

4

Wpływ opóźniaczy węglowodanowych na ograniczenie złego wpływu minerałów ilastych na właściwości dyspergujące superplastyfikatorów polikarboksylanowych

Tan H., Deng X., Gu B., Ma B.

Cement Wapno Beton

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2018

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R. 21/83, nr 1

16--29

PL

W pracy zbadano wpływ węglowodanów sacharozy oraz maltodekstryny na skuteczność działania domieszek polikarboksylanowych w zaczynach zawierających montmorillonit. W tym celu oznaczano konsystencję zaczynów oraz oceniono stopień adsorpcji PCE oraz węglowodanów w zawiesinie montmorillonitu na podstawie całkowitej zawartości węgla organicznego. Oba węglowodany zmniejszały dodatek PCE potrzebny do uzyskania założonej płynności zaczynów o kilkanaście procent i ograniczały zmniejszanie się konsystencji w czasie. Zarówno sacharoza jak i maltodekstryna nie wbudowują się pomiędzy warstwy montmorillonitu, ale w niewielkim stopniu ograniczają interkalację PCE, najprawdopodobniej dzięki wiązaniom wodorowym cząsteczek węglowodanów z bocznymi łańcuchami poli(tlenku etylenu).

EN

The effect of two carbohydrate retarders i.e. sugar and maltodextrin on the clay tolerance of PCE was investigated in this study. The fluidity loss of cement-montmorillonite paste was tested to assess the clay tolerance of PCE. Adsorption of PCE and carbohydrate in montmorillonite suspension was assessed with Total Organic Carbon measurements. On the basis of several methods application the interaction of carbohydrates with montmorillonite was discussed. Carbohydrates addition is reducing the addition of PCE needed to reach the same initial fluidity level of cement paste. Also the consistency loss is decreased by addition of carbohydrates. The results showed that nor sugar neither maltodextrin can be intercalated between montmorillonite layers. However, they have a slight effect on hindering the intercalation of PCE, most probably, due to the hydrogen bonds between carbohydrate and long side chain of PEO.

5

Studies on some Primary Metabolites Extraction and Quantification in Different Plant Parts of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl.

Sugumar N., Karthikeyan S.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2015

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Vol. 49

66--73

EN

Medicinal plant is most exclusive sources of life saving drugs for the majority of the world population. Laboratory evaluations were made assess the study of primary metabolites of various plants in selected species Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. During the present investigation comparative study of primary metabolites Carbohydrates, Protein, Ascorbic acid, Starch, Sugar, Chlorophyll, Carotenoids and Total phenol of genus Eupatorium triplinerve were undertaken for study and all the their chemical composition. The leaf highest amount of chlorophyll-a (4.95gm), chlorophyll-b (4.05gm), carotenoids (3.29gm),ascorbic acid (41.13gm/gdm), sugar (3.92gm/gdm), starch(5.89gm/gdm)protein (67.82µg/mg), total phenol (84.00gm/gdm). The root lowest amount of sugar (2.00gm/gdm), starch (3.15gm/gdm), protein (60.01µg/mg), ascorbic acid (43.09gm/gdm), total phenol (65.13gm/gdm).

6

Seasonal changes in the biochemical components of Pseudonereis anomala (Polychaeta, Nereididae) from the Alexandria coast, Egypt

Dorgham M.M., Hamdy R., Al-Rashidy H. H., Atta M. M.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (4)

881--887

EN

The biochemical composition (carbohydrates, protein, lipids, fatty acids and amino acids) of the nereid polychaete Pseudonereis anomala Gravier 1901, from a shallow part of the Alexandria coast (Egypt), was studied seasonally. The results revealed that P. anomala had a lower water content, higher carbohydrates and protein, but approximately similar or higher lipid levels than several other polychaetes. Fatty acids appeared to be dominated by unsaturated acids, constituting seasonally 49.6-81%, while saturated acids reached high amounts in winter and spring (23.3 and 38.3% respectively). C20:5n-3 was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid, accompanied by small amounts of C18:4n-3, C20:4n-6, C16:1n-7 and C20:1n-9. C18:0 dominated the saturated fatty acids for most of the year, except in autumn when C16:0 was the major one.

7

Proximate analysis and hydrolysis of malted millet (Panicum miliaceum) blended with maize and rice fluor

Alfa U. A., Genva E. I.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 2

41-52

EN

The physic-chemical result of the analysis of proso millet (Panicum milliaceum) showed the optimum water uptake of the millet to be 96 hours, optimum malting time 96 hours, ash content 3.26 ±0.03, moisture content 11.37 %, ±0.33, crude fat content 1.30 % ±0.20, crude protein content 13.87 % ±0.5, carbohydrate content 71.46 % ±0.80, reducing sugars 35.08 % ±0.80, hydrolysable sugars 54.29% ± 0.70 and fibre content 6.37 % ±0.30. the mineral composition of proso millet in mg/100g showed that the millet contains K (2.14), Fe (1.04), mg (0.85), Ca (0.65), Na (0.17), Al (0.13), Mn (0.013), Zn (0.04), Pb (Lead) was not detected in the milled. Temperature and pH Shidies on the malted millet showed the optimum values to be 50-60 °C and 5-6 respectively. The blending ratio of the gelatinized maize flour ground with the chaff with malted millet was found to be 50 %, while the blending ratio of gelatinized maize after removing the chaff with malted milled was determined to be 60 %. The blending ratio of the gelatinized rice flour with malted millet was also found to be 60 %. The decrease of about 10 % in the value of reducing sugar production between the two maize flours could be due to the fact that, the unprocessed seeds have more lignified materials which could inhibit access to amylase during hydrolysis. The absence of heavy metal lead (Pb) and high carbohydrate content of proso millet indicates that it could be used in the brewing industry as an adjunct to barley.

8

The unconventional single stage hydrolysis of potato starch

Słomińska L., Zielonka R., Jarosławski L.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2013

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Vol. 15, nr 3

7-14

EN

Enzymatic depolymerisation of starch to glucose or maltose is carried out by starch- degrading amylases during a two-stage hydrolysis: liquefaction using bacterial α-amylase followed by saccharification with glucogenic (fungal amylase) or maltogenic (fungal or bacterial) amylases. As a rule, these enzymes are applied separately, following the recommendations concerning their action provided by the enzyme manufacturers. The study presents our attempts to determine the reaction conditions for a simultaneous action of liquefying and saccharifying enzymes on pre-treated potato starch. Hydrolysis was run by Liquozyme Supra, Maltogenase 4000L and San Super 360L enzymes (Novozymes) at different temperatures. During the single-stage method of starch hydrolysate production the most desirable results was obtained for the maltose hydrolysate at 80°C (51.6 DE) and for the glucose hydrolysate at 60°C (96 DE). The analyses indicate that the application of a single-stage hydrolysis of starch to maltose or glucose makes it possible to obtain a degree of starch saccharification comparable with that obtained in the traditional two-stage hydrolysis.

9

Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition of some common seaweed species from the coast of Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt

Khairy H. M., El-Shafay S. M.

Oceanologia

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2013

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No. 55 (2)

435-451

EN

Variations in protein, carbohydrate, lipid, ash, moisture, fatty acid and amino acid contents of the seaweeds Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (Chlorophyta), Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux and Pterocladia capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Bornet (Rhodophyta) were studied seasonally from spring to autumn 2010. The seaweeds were collected from a rocky site near Boughaz El-Maadya on the coast of Abu Qir Bay east of Alexandria, Egypt. Remarkable seasonal variations were recorded in the levels of the studied parameters in the three species. Pterocladia capillacea was characterized by the highest protein and carbohydrate content throughout the different seasons, whereas Ulva lactuca contained more lipids (4.09 š 0.2%) than J. rubens and P. capillacea. The highest total fatty acids were recorded in J. rubens during the three seasons, while saturated fatty acids were predominant in P. capillacea during spring. This is due mainly to the presence of palmitic acid (C16:0), which made up 74.3% of the saturated fatty acids. The highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in these algae was measured in J. rubens; DHA (22:6?3) was the main acid, making up 26.4% of the total fatty acids especially during summer. Proline was the major component of the amino acids in the three algal species, with maximum amounts in U. lactuca.

10

Enzymatic degradation of polycarbonate urethanes crosslinked with carbohydrates

Wojturska J.

Polish Journal of Applied Chemistry

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2011

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Vol. 55, nr 3-4

141-149

EN

The potential erosive effect of enzymes on polycarbonate urethanes has been evaluated. Polyurethanes were obtained in two-stage polyaddition process which involved diisocyanate (TMDI) and poly(carbonate)diol (Desmophen DC2200) The isocyanate prepolymers were crosslinked with carbohydrates (sucrosc, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol) to improve the ability of the enzyme to degrade polymer. Obtained samples were treated by lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozvm 735). Surface characteristic changes after enzymatic degradation were observed using confocal microscopy. The roughness parameters were determined. Also evaluation the degree of changes of the free surface energy was done. In addition, the thermal analysis of pre-degraded and post-degraded residue was performed.

11

Epoxy-resin based on carbohydrates

Maślinska-Solich J., Waśkiewicz S.

Polish Journal of Applied Chemistry

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2009

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Vol. 53, nr 1

57-62

EN

Synthesis of chiral epoxy resins derived from methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-á-D-glucopyranoside (1) and epichlorohydrin (2) is described. The strategy involves polyaddition of 2 to 1 catalyzed by NaOH/PTC system at room temperature. The products were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and the fractions of different functionality were identified by ESI-MS spectrometry.

12

A Facile Synthesis of the Fucosylated N-Linked Glycan Core and Its Application to Solid-Phase Synthesis of CD52 Glycopeptide

Shao N., Guo Z.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2005

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Vol. 79 / nr 2

297-307

EN

An efficient synthesis of the fucosylated N-linked core hexasaccharide (23) and its asparagine conjugate (26), as well as their applications to the solid-phase synthesis of an extensively protected glycopeptide (1) of CD52 antigen containing the hexasaccharide, is described. The difficult beta-mannosidic and alfa-fucosidic linkages were achieved by the Crich and in situ anomerization protocols respectively, which offered excellent results. An especially acid-sensitive resin, 2-chlorotrityl resin, was used in the solid-phase synthesis, and the target glycopeptide 1 could be released from the resin by 10% HOAc without affecting the acid-labile protecting groups and fucosidic bond.