Procesowi uzdatniania wody towarzyszy powstawanie licznych produktów ubocznych. Poniższy artykuł stanowi próbę przybliżenia czytelnikowi zagrożeń związanych z przedostawaniem się tych związków do wody pitnej, jak również wskazuje na potencjalne metody ich usuwania ze szczególnym wskazaniem na procesy membranowe. Przedstawiono podstawowe parametry przebiegu procesu nanofiltracji oraz główne jego zastosowanie. Omówiono, na podstawie dostępnej literatury światowej i polskiej, osiągnięcia związane z zatrzymywaniem prekursorów ubocznych produktów utleniania - naturalnej substancji organicznej (NSO) z użyciem membran nanofiltracyjnych. Dodatkowo poruszono problem usuwania domieszek i zanieczyszczeń wód naturalnych za pomocą technik membranowych.
EN
For the last dozens years a considerable development of membrane techniques has been observed. At the present time membrane processes are applied in many branches: environmental protection, desalination, water treatment, pharmaceutical and food industry and many others. The special example of membrane techniques is so called pressure - driven membrane process. It includes: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. This paper is the review of literature concerning the tests on the application of nanofiltration in water treatment. It describes the processes of retention of pollutants and other admixtures in natural waters by nanofiltration (NF) membranes, as well as removal of natural organic matter causing formation of disinfecting by-products. A lot of compounds, occurring in water in natural way, bring about some problems during water treatment. They are mainly humus substances (HS), which in natural environment do not pose hazard to human health, but their specific properties decide about the reactivity with different water pollutants and are not indifferent to consumer's health. During oxidation HS react very fast with the oxidants, as the result of which many compounds, usually harmful and carcinogenic are formed. We should mention among others such as halogen derivatives (trihalomethanes, halogenic acids, haloacetonitriles) and others products of oxidation processes (aldehydes, ketones, acids and etc.). The removal of the precursors of this compounds (natural organic substances) or by-products of oxidation in membrane processes could be a breakthrough in conventional methods of water treatment. Applications of nanofiltration can be found in the treatment of surface water as well as groundwater. The possibility of using NF for the removal of hardness, natural organic material (NOM), and micropollutants such as pesticides is discussed. Some of these applications have proven to be reliable and can be considered as known techniques; other applications are still studied on pilot and laboratory scale.
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