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1

Domy dla motyli

Kowalczyk Artur

Zieleń Miejska

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2019

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Nr 6

30--31

PL

Samorządowcy coraz bardziej starają się, aby zarządzanie przez nich miasta były dobrym, pięknym i wygodnym domem dla mieszkańców. Żeby mogło tak być, miasta muszą stanowić także dom dla przyrody, która niestety w wielu miejscach została przepędzona albo usunięta na rzecz betonu, stali czy asfaltu.

2

Motyw motyla w dekoracjach nagrobnych – wybrane przykłady sztuki sepulkralnej

Konieczna Karolina, Krupa Barbara

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

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2013

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T. 9, nr 4

21--34

PL

Symbolikę motyla, głęboko zakorzenioną w kulturze, nakreśla greckie znaczenie tego terminu. Psyche, oznacza dosłownie motyla, jak i duszę. Cykl życiowy owada posłużył za porównanie do egzystencji człowieka – gąsienica, będąca stadium larwalnym symbolizuje ludzki los na ziemi, poczwarka, jako forma przejściowa – Śmierć, natomiast motyl, będący postacią doskonalą, jest metaforą zmartwychwstania oraz zbawienia. Motyl jako symbol nadziei oraz nieśmiertelności pojawia się zarówno w chrześcijańskiej, jak i w żydowskiej sztuce nagrobnej. Praca prezentuje motyw motyla na wybranych chrześcijańskich zabytkowych nagrobkach, gdzie został przedstawiony w formie płaskorzeźby bądź jako atrybut postaci figuralnej (skrzydła). Przeprowadzona analiza cmentarzy Polski południowo-wschodniej opisywany motyw wykazała na cmentarzach Rzeszowa (Stary Cmentarz, Cmentarz Pobitno), w Krakowie (Cmentarz Rakowicki) oraz Tarnowie (Stary Cmentarz).

EN

Butterfly is a symbol of Psyche, whose is name the Greek word for both “soul” and “butterfly”. Symbolic meaning of the butterfly based upon its metamorphosis from an egg to a adult insect. This three stages in butterflies life as represented by the caterpillar, the chrysalis and the butterfly, which are clearly symbols of life, death and resurrection. Butterfly, as an emblem of hope, human soul and immortality, was used in Christian and Jewish sepulchral art. This paper presents this symbol in selected, listed Christian cemetery, where the tombs were emblazoned butterflies relief or its wings. This paper contains a overview of research conducted in the grave-yard of South-Eastern Poland. We found the butterfly emblem in Rzeszow (Stary Cmentarz, Cmentarz Pobitno), Krakow (Cmentarz Rakowicki) and Tarnow (Stary Cmentarz).

3

Effect of vegetation and management on occurrence of larvae and adults of generalist Maniola jurtina L. (Lepidoptera) in meadow habitats

Kulfan J., Strbova E., Zach P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 3

601-609

EN

Larvae and adults of some generalist insect species co-occur in identical habitats whereas adults and larvae of other generalist species do not co-occur and occupy different habitats. The Meadow brown, Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), is common and widely distributed in Europe where it is considered a habitat generalist. As knowledge about the occurrence of the larvae of the Meadow brown is scarce (different and more difficult methods are needed to collect larvae compared to adults) a complex assessment of the life strategy of this generalist is limited. We addressed here the question as to whether the adults and larvae of the Meadow brown co-occurred in the same habitats and how they depended on the type of grassland vegetation and habitat management. We expected co-occurrence of adults and larvae and similar effects of habitat management on them. We selected four habitat types belonging to the alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris W. Koch 1926, which form mosaic patterns in the rural landscape of central Slovakia: (1) extensive meadows mown once a year, (2) extensive meadows mown twice a year, (3) abandoned meadows, and (4) ecotones between deciduous forests and meadows mown once a year. Adults were counted in each habitat on seven transects 50 m long (in seven replicates) during the summer of 2003, 2004 and 2005. Larvae were collected in each habitat on 10 transects 50 m long (ten replicates) by sweeping vegetation (60 sweepings per transect) at night in May 2005 and 2006. Both adults and larvae occurred in all the mentioned types of habitats. A high abundance of adults and larvae was recorded in extensive meadows mown once a year and in ecotones. The lowest abundance of adults and larvae was found in abandoned meadows. The differences between abandoned meadows and ecotones (in the case of adults) and between abandoned meadows and extensive meadows mown once a year (in the case of larvae) were significant in all study years (P <0.05; multiple comparisons, K-W ANOVA). In the abandoned meadows the number of adults and larvae (median) was approximately 2 to 5 and 5 to 25 times lower than in the preferred habitats, respectively. Maximum numbers of both adults and larvae per single recording/sampling date were obtained in extensive meadows mown once a year; that is 185 adults in a transect 350 m long and 4 m wide and 267 larvae in the transect 500 m long (600 sweepings). Hence, similar to adults, larvae tend to be habitat generalists. Our results have confirmed the "advantageous" life strategy of M. jurtina which enables the species to adapt to a wide range of habitats, including those under strong pressure from humans. Comparing management practices in the study habitats, meadows which are mowed once a year were the most appropriate alternative for this species.

4

Szrotówek nadal modny

Baranowski T.

Zieleń Miejska

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2009

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Nr 5

33-33

PL

Od dawna w naszej prasie ogrodniczej nie zajmowano się tak intensywnie i tak długo jakimś owadem, jak obecnie szrotówkiem kasztanowcowiaczkiem. Temu małemu motylkowi przypisuje się całą winę za zły stan drzew kasztanowca białego.

5

Brudnica nieparka

Dankowska E., Piątek H.

Zieleń Miejska

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2009

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Nr 5

34-34

PL

Motyle to bardzo liczny rząd owadów, wśród których znajduje się wiele ważnych gospodarczo szkodników. Jednym z nich jest brudnica nieparka, która upodobała sobie rośliny liściaste.

6

Austenite double decomposition into bainite in high carbon steels

Woźniak T. Z.

Advances in Materials Science

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2005

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Vol. 5, nr 1-3

80-97

EN

This paper describes a model of bainitic transformation. The model takes into consideration a range of lower bainite in high carbon steels (the swing back effect near the temperature Ms). The models take into account a simultaneous decomposition of austenite into two transformation products: bainite at the austenite grain boundary and on martensite spines. Analyses concerning the nucleation of sub-plates have been presented. Having two models assumes that the subplate growth is of a logarithmic and exponential character. In order to calculate a volume fraction of two components of bainite fB1 and fB2 , formulas linking an actual volume increase of the components with their current growth have been applied, leading to extended volume. The results of dilatometric studies and quantitative analyses of micro structural components were used in optimizing procedures.