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1

Potential of ethanol and butanol in reducing deposits of SIDI engine injectors

Pielecha Ireneusz, Szwajca Filip, Stępień Zbigniew

Combustion Engines

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2023

|

R. 62, nr 3

21--31

EN

The operation of conventional (hydrocarbon) fuels causes certain effects in the internal combustion engine. Despite the satisfactory efficiency of internal combustion engines, their fuel systems, particularly the injectors, are subject to constant fouling. The article analyzes the possibility of reducing the deposit of high-pressure gasoline injectors using the alcohol addition of ethanol and butanol. The study was conducted under the engine and non-engine conditions. Fuel injection timing was analyzed when fueling with different mixtures, and non-engine analyses were conducted to determine changes affecting the injectors. The results indicate the possibility of reducing injector hole coking using ethanol and butanol as a 20% additive to the base fuel.

2

Wpływ butanolu lub butanolu i etanolu wprowadzonych do benzyny na właściwości przeciwstukowe paliw

Dybich Kornel, Łaczek Tomasz

Rynek Energii

|

2022

|

Nr 5

48--63

PL

Artykuł przedstawia ocenę wpływu butanolu, etanolu lub mieszaniny butanolu i etanolu wprowadzonych do benzyny na właściwości przeciwstukowe utworzonych paliw. Oznaczenie podczas badań stopnia zmian liczby oktanowej badawczej (LOB) i motorowej (LOM) w próbkach paliw badawczych zawierających różne stężenia butanolu lub mieszanin butanolu i etanolu, pozwoliły wskazać w oparciu o otrzymane wyniki optymalny poziom alkoholi w benzynach przy których zachowane są odpowiednie właściwości przeciwstukowe przygotowanych paliw, w odniesieniu do wymagań odpowiednich norm. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły również przedstawić pozytywny i negatywny wpływ alkoholi na jakość badanych paliw, pracę i eksploatację benzynowego silnika spalinowego.

EN

The article presents the possibilities of using the evaluation of the influence of butanol, ethanol or a mixture of butanol and ethanol introduced into gasoline on the anti-knock properties of the created fuels. The acquired knowledge and the presented conclusions will then be used to assess the utility potential of using butanol or a mixture of butanol and ethanol for gasoline as a pro-ecological component. During the tests, the determination of the degree of changes in the research octane number (LOB) and motor octane number (LOM) in test fuel samples containing different concentrations of butanol or a mixture of butanol and ethanol, based on the obtained results, allowed to indicate, based on the obtained results, the optimal level of alcohols in gasolines with the appropriate anti-knock properties of the prepared fuels with regard to the requirements of the relevant standards. The conducted research allowed also to present the positive and negative influence of alcohols on the quality of tested fuels, work and operation of a gasoline internal combustion engine.

3

Comparative analysis of heat release in a reciprocating engine powered by a regular fuel with pyrolysis oil addition

Chwist Mariusz

Combustion Engines

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2022

|

R. 61, nr 3

104--112

EN

The article presents a comparative analysis of heat release rate in a spark-ignition engine powered by various fuels as follows: butanol, gasoline, a mixture of butanol with tire pyrolysis oil (TPO), and mixtures of butanol with oil from biomass pyrolysis (BPO). Selected combustion phases were analyzed. Additionally, ignition delay calculations were performed in the ANSYS Chemkin Pro program for the surrogates of the tested fuels. Popular surrogates quoted in numerous publications were used as substitute fuels. The paper presents an original surrogate of oil from tire pyrolysis.

4

Potencjał użytkowo-eksploatacyjny butanolu jako paliwa alternatywnego do zasilania silników ZI

Stępień Zbigniew

Nafta-Gaz

|

2020

|

R. 76, nr 2

126--135

PL

Coraz bardziej surowe przepisy w zakresie ograniczania szkodliwych składników spalin emitowanych przez silniki spalinowe wymuszają konieczność stosowania na coraz szerszą skalę paliw alternatywnych. Biorąc pod uwagę te wymagania, alkohole stanowią atrakcyjną alternatywę jako komercyjnie wykorzystywane paliwa, w tym zarówno jako paliwa samoistne, jak i w mieszankach z benzyną lub olejem napędowym. Stosowanie paliw alkoholowych może być jednym z istotnych czynników przyczyniających się do ograniczenia emisji szkodliwych składników spalin do atmosfery – pod warunkiem dobrej znajomości właściwości paliw i ich optymalnego wykorzystania. Etanol i butanol są alkoholami uważanymi za najbardziej perspektywiczne biokomponenty do obecnie stosowanych paliw konwencjonalnych. Odznaczają się one korzystnymi właściwościami użytkowo-eksploatacyjnymi i proekologicznymi, pozwalającymi zmniejszyć udział paliw węglowodorowych do zasilania silników, jak i ograniczyć emisję składników szkodliwych do atmosfery, w tym CO2. Dotychczas zdecydowanie większe zastosowanie znalazł etanol, mieszany w różnych proporcjach z benzyną i w wielu krajach powszechnie stosowany do zasilania silników ZI. Wynika to prawdopodobnie ze znacznie większej liczby prac badawczych o znaczeniu poznawczym oraz utylitarnym, które pozwoliły na wcześniejsze i szersze wykorzystanie etanolu jako samodzielnego paliwa lub domieszki do paliwa. Jednak w mieszaninach z benzyną, stosowanych jako paliwa do silników ZI, butanol wykazuje kilka istotnych zalet w porównaniu z etanolem. Butanol jest znacznie mniej higroskopijny, lepiej mieszalny z benzyną i ma większą wartość opałową, co przekłada się na mniejsze zużycie paliwa. Gdy butanol jest mieszany z benzyną, jego blendingowa prężność par jest mniejsza niż w przypadku etanolu, co ułatwia spełnienie wymagań normy EN 228. Największe wady butanolu w stosunku do etanolu w zastosowaniu do paliw stanowiących mieszanki z benzyną to mniejsza wartość liczby oktanowej i mniejsze ciepło parowania oraz większa gęstość i lepkość, co może przyczyniać się do większej względem etanolu skłonności do tworzenia szkodliwych osadów, zarówno w obszarze układu wtrysku paliwa, jak i silnika. W sumie butanol ma większy potencjał w porównaniu do etanolu w zakresie właściwości użytkowo-eksploatacyjnych w zastosowaniu do mieszanek paliw benzynowoalkoholowych do silników ZI.

EN

Increasingly stricter rules apply to the protection of the environment, including reduction of emissions of noxious car engine exhaust fumes, enforce necessary the use of alternative fuels on an increasingly wider scale. Taking into account these requirements alcohols constitute an attractive alternative as a commercially used fuels including both as selfcontained fuels as well as in blends with petrol or diesel oil. Application of the alcohol fuels may be an important factor that will help to cut emissions from the transport sector, provided good knowledge of fuel performances and optimal use of them. Ethanol and butanol are the alcohols which are considered to be the most promising biocomponents to the currently used conventional fuels. They have many varied and positive exploitation properties as well as proecological which allow to reduce share of hydrocarbon fuels to power IC engines and reduce harmful emissions as well greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. So far, ethanol was applied more widespread, mixed with petrol in variable proportions and in many countries used to power the SI engines. This is probably due to the substantially more quantities of research of cognitive and utilitarian meaning which allowed earlier and wider utilization of the ethanol as a selfcontained fuel or blending component. However in blends with petrol, used as a fuels for SI engines, butanol shows a few significant advantages in comparison with ethanol. Butanol is significantly less hygroscopic, better miscible with petrol and characterised with higher calorific value which contributes to lower fuel consumption. Once the butanol is mixed with petrol its blending vapour pressure is lower than that of the ethanol making easier conformity with the standard EN 228. The most significant disadvantageous of the butanol in comparison with ethanol in application to fuels designed as a petrol blends is lower octane number and lower heat of vaporization as well as higher density and viscosity which, in turn, may lead to higher against ethanol tendencies to create harmful deposits both in the area of engine as well as in the fuel injection system. In brief butanol has greater potential against ethanol as regards the performance characteristics in the case of petrol-alcohol blends designed for SI car engines.

5

Torgas condensate combustion in the SI engine

Chwist M., Szwaja S., Grab-Rogaliński K., Poskart A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 3

33--38

EN

The article presents results from IC engine tests on combustion of alcohol fuel with the addition of torgas condensate. Torgas is a by-product created from the torrefaction of Sida hermaphrodita. It was obtained from torrefaction carried out at a temperature of 400°C. Torgas was condensed in a tubular cooler. The basic fuel was butanol. This fuel was chosen, because regular hydrocarbon based fuels got delaminated while blended with torgas condensate. The condensate dissolves in alcohol therefore the choice was justified. In the mixture, the volume ratio of alcohol to condensate was 4:1. The combustion was carried out in a spark-ignition, single-cylinder engine with a cubic capacity of 650 cm3. The engine was able to vary its compression ratio. The engine worked at full load at maximum open throttle. The engine body was heated to a temperature of 95°C and this temperature was maintained throughout the testing period. The engine was running at 850 rpm. The first stage of the experiment included determination of the optimal ignition angle for butanol as a reference fuel and for a mixture of butanol and torgas condensate. The optimal spark angle was estimated based on the maximum indicated work. Three compression ratios, i.e.: CR=8.8, 10 and 11.2 were used. All tests were performed for a stoichiometric air fuel ratio. The obtained in-cylinder pressure diagrams for the reference fuel and the fuel with the addition of condensate were compared with each other. The rate of pressure increase inside the cylinder was calculated. For all tests, the following exhaust components were measured: CO2, CO and HC.

6

The role of molecularly ordered structures in energy transport enhancement during combustion process : a new conception of a reaction mechanism of fuel components oxidation

Białecki T., Dzięgielewski W., Gawron B., Kaźmierczak U., Kulczycki A.

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 4

17--24

EN

This article presents the results of investigations focused on the role of molecularly ordered structures (molecular clusters) on combustion process. The proposed new mechanism of the reactions initiation takes into account the role of molecular clusters in energy (heat and energy of electrons emitted by the surface of the walls of combustion chamber) conductivity regulation. Literature survey shows that molecular clusters created by aromatic hydrocarbons are responsible for particulate matter. The combustion process itself is not uniform in whole combustion chamber. Such diversity, caused mainly by heterogeneous thermal state of combustion chamber is recognized as significant reason to create various products of combustion including carbon oxides, carbon dioxides and nitrogen oxides. Jet fuel and its blends with n-butanol and biobutanol in concentration from 10 to 75 % (V/V) were subjected to laboratory tests. Such blends were also tested on the test rig with a miniature turbojet engine – MiniJETRig. Engine operating parameters and carbon oxide emission were measured. The relations between electrical conductivity and parameters of engine test (e.g. temperature in selected points in combustion chamber) were assessed. Engine tests were carried out according to specific profile of engine test, which models different engine operating modes. The results of experimental investigations, shown in the article, initially confirm the proposed mechanism of the oxidation reactions initiation during combustion process.

7

Analiza krzywych przebicia w procesie adsorpcyjnego odwadniania alkoholi alifatycznych

Gabruś E., Downarowicz D.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

|

2017

|

Nr 3

70-71

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań adsorpcyjnego osuszania ciekłego propanolu i butanolu na nieruchomym złożu zeolitowych sit molekularnych 3A i 4A o wysokości 0,76 m. Stężenie wody w roztworach alkoholi wynosiło 2-10% mas., prędkość przepływu cieczy 2 i 3* 10-4 m/s. Doświadczalne krzywe przebicia analizowano za pomocą modeli adsorpcyjnych Thomasa, Yoona-Nelsona, Boharta- Adamsa, Wolborskiej, Yana oraz Clarka. Najlepsze dopasowanie uzyskano dla modeli Thomasa oraz Yoona-Nelsona.

EN

The packed bed of 3 A or 4A zeolite sieves was used for investigation of adsorptive dewatering liquid solution of propanol and butanol with water concentration of 2-10 wt% and superficial velocity of 2 and 3* 10-4 m/s. The experimental breakthrough curves of 0.76 m length bed were presented and analyzed using such adsoiption models as Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, Boliart-Adams, Wolborska, Yan and Clark. The best fit to the experimental findings was achieved by the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models.

8

Bio-oil blended butanol as a fuel to the spark ignition internal combustion reciprocating engine

Chwist M., Szwaja S., Grab-Rogaliński K., Pyrc M.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 2

93--96

EN

The article presents results on combustion of the bio-oil blended butanol in the spark ignition engine. Bio-oil is a mixture of hydro-carbons condensing to liquified phase while cooling it down to ambient temperature. In general, the liquid called bio-oil is a byproduct of the pyrolysis process of organic matter. Results from analysis presented in the manuscript include the following: in-cylinder pressure traces and toxic exhaust emissions. Finally, comparison of these results with results from combustion of n-butanol reference fuel were provided. Obtained results indicate satisfactory, eco-friendly possibility for utilization of bio-oil in the internal combustion engine.

9

Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Systems Containing Butanol and Ionic Liquids – A Review

Kubiczek A., Kamiński W.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2017

|

Vol. 38, nr 1

97--110

EN

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are a moderately new class of liquid substances that are characterized by a great variety of possible anion-cation combinations giving each of them different properties. For this reason, they have been termed as designer solvents and, as such, they are particularly promising for liquid-liquid extraction, which has been quite intensely studied over the last decade. This paper concentrates on the recent liquid-liquid extraction studies involving ionic liquids, yet focusing strictly on the separation of n-butanol from model aqueous solutions. Such research is undertaken mainly with the intention of facilitating biological butanol production, which is usually carried out through the ABE fermentation process. So far, various sorts of RTILs have been tested for this purpose while mostly ternary liquid-liquid systems have been investigated. The industrial design of liquid-liquid extraction requires prior knowledge of the state of thermodynamic equilibrium and its relation to the process parameters. Such knowledge can be obtained by performing a series of extraction experiments and employing a certain mathematical model to approximate the equilibrium. There are at least a few models available but this paper concentrates primarily on the NRTL equation, which has proven to be one of the most accurate tools for correlating experimental equilibrium data. Thus, all the presented studies have been selected based on the accepted modeling method. The reader is also shown how the NRTL equation can be used to model liquid-liquid systems containing more than three components as it has been the authors’ recent area of expertise.

10

Effect of alcohol blending on real driving emissions of particulate matter from ordinary gasoline automobile engines: a comparison of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol

Vojtisek-Lom M., Beranek V., Klir V., Pechout M., Mazac M., Dittrich L.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2015

|

nr 204

140--157

EN

This paper summarizes the recent and ongoing work on real driving emissions of several automobiles with ordinary, non-flexible-fuel spark ignition engines, powered by alcohol-gasoline blends with higher concentrations of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol. On a Ford Focus automobile with a direct injection EcoBoost engine, powered by gasoline and its blends with 15% ethanol, 25% n-butanol and 25% isobutanol, particle size distribution were measured with an on-board fast mobility particle sizer along a 55 km route. Particle emissions were moderately reduced by ethanol and considerably by both butanol blends. On a Śkoda Fabia and Śkoda Felicia cars with indirect injection engines, powered by blends with higher concentrations of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, particle emissions measured by a miniature on-board system were examined over a 13 km route. Blends of 30% and 50% of butanol had no or slightly positive effect on particle emissions. Blends of 70% ethanol and 85% n-butanol and 85% isobutanol, used with an auxiliary engine control unit, had no or slightly positive effect on particle mass, and reduced total particle length (roughly corresponding to lung deposited surface area) by about one half.

11

Blends of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol with 5% oxygen in ordinary engines: effects on exhaust emissions over the Artemis cycle

Beranek V., Vojtisek-Lom M., Stolcpartova J., Mikuska P., Krumal K.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

|

2015

|

nr 204

186--198

EN

In the EU, alcohol fuels are used mostly in the form of ethanol, sold either as E85, or mixed in less than 10% concentrations into gasoline for the general fleet. This work examines the effects of extending the ethanol share to 15%. Additionally, considering the high hygroscopicity and corrosivity of ethanol, two isomers of butanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, were blended with gasoline at 25% by volume, all blends corresponding to approximately 5% oxygen by weight. These four fuels were examined in two typical spark ingition automobile engines, a Ford Focus car with a Euro 6 EcoBoost direct injection (DISI) engine, and a Skoda Fabia car with a Euro 5 multipoint injection (MPI) engine. Both cars were tested on chassis dynamometer using the Artemis driving cycle. There were no measurable effects on the emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. The alcohol fuels increased the emissions of nitrogen oxides on the MPI engine. On the DISI engine over the Artemis cycle, the number of emitted solid particles and the emissions of elemental carbon and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were reduced relative to gasoline, by about one half for both butanol isomers, while ethanol did not yield observable effects. Particle emissions of the MPI engine were generally smaller. The results suggest that both n-butanol and isobutanol are viable fuels, which could be considered as an alternative to ethanol.

12

Biobutanol produkowany z biomasy

Pałuchowska M.

Nafta-Gaz

|

2015

|

R. 71, nr 7

502--509

PL

Artykuł stanowi przegląd literatury poświęconej badaniom nad rozwijaniem technologii produkcji biobutanolu. Biobutanol obecnie wytwarzany jest w dwóch typach procesów: poprzez fermentację oraz w termochemicznej konwersji biomasy. Technologia produkcji wykorzystuje genetycznie modyfikowane mikroorganizmy i jest ukierunkowana na wytwarzanie pożądanej ilości i jakości produktu finalnego. Przedstawiono przykłady firm zaangażowanych w wytwarzanie biobutanolu. Komercjalizacja produkcji zakłada wykorzystanie go jako biokomponentu paliw silnikowych i poprzedzona została zaawansowanymi badaniami właściwości fizykochemicznych, użytkowych i eksplotacyjnych.

EN

The article is a review of the literature dedicated to research on the development of biobutanol production technology. Biobutanol is currently produced in two types of processes: by fermentation, and thermochemical conversion of biomass. The production technology uses genetically modified micro-organisms and is focused on the production of a desired quantity and quality of the final product. Presented, are examples of companies involved in the production of biobutanol. Commercialization of the production assumes using it as a bio-component of motor fuels and was preceded by advanced research of physicochemical, utility and performance properties.

13

Experimental investigation on performance of a spark ignition engine runs with alcoholic blend-gasoline

Ahmed H. A.

Journal of KONES

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2015

|

Vol. 22, No. 3

249--256

EN

In this paper performance resulted from a single cylinder spark-ignition engine fuelled with 20% by volume of methanol, ethanol, and butanol was studied and compared to gasoline. The experiments were conducted at variable speed and maximum torques. The conditions of stoichiometric air–fuel ratio at wide-open throttle were used. The tests were perfumed at higher useful compression ratio of the used Iraqi gasoline. The test results show that the higher compression ratio for the tested gasoline was 7.5:1. So an Iraqi conventional gasoline has engine HUCR=7.5:1 and its OST= 19 ºBTDC, this compression ratio can be considered low. Adding 20% of alcoholic blends by volume to gasoline improved the engine performance. Within the tested speed range, alcoholic blends produced higher brake powers, volumetric efficiency and thermal efficiency. In addition, it resulted in lower exhaust gases temperatures. The brake specific fuel consumption of the tested alcoholic blend was higher than that for gasoline.

14

Ekstrakcja kwasu akrylowego z mieszaniny akrylanu butylu i butanolu z użyciem roztworu wodorowęglanu sodu jako ekstrahenta

Porębski T., Talma-Piwowar M., Majewska E., Polarczyk K., Tomzik S., Jamróz M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2014

|

T. 93, nr 9

1570-1573

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych procesu usuwania kwasu akrylowego z mieszaniny poestryfikacyjnej zawierającej głównie akrylan butylu i butanol przy użyciu wodnego roztworu wodorowęglanu sodu jako ekstrahenta kwasu. Wykazano, że wodorowęglan sodu z powodzeniem może być stosowany w badanym procesie, przy czym stwierdzono, że korzystnie jest stosować go w nadmiarze w stosunku do ilości wynikającej ze stechiometrii reakcji pomiędzy kwasem akrylowym a wodorowęglanem. Wykazano również, że możliwe jest wprowadzanie wymaganej ilości wodorowęglanu sodu w postaci roztworu nasyconego wzbogaconego kryształami soli. Stwierdzono, że taki sposób postępowania zwiększa współczynnik podziału KD kwasu akrylowego pomiędzy fazy wodną ekstraktu i organiczną rafinatu.

EN

CH2=CHCOOH was esterified with BuOH at 125°C under 8 bar on an ion-exchange resin catalyst in a flow reactor. The unconverted CH2=CHCOOH was recovered from the reaction mixt. by extn. with aq. NaHCO3= solns. at 20°C. Both an excess of NaHCO3= soln. and addn. of solid NaHCO3= resulted in an increase in CH2==CHCOOH distribution coeff. between aq. and org. phases and an increase in the degree of its recovering.

15

New Ecofuel For Diesel Engines

Sitnik L.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

|

2009

|

Vol. 4, no 1

155-159

EN

The World is strongly dependent on crude oil for its transport needs. In order to diminish this dependence, we need to introduce clean, CO2-efficient, secure and affordable transportation fuels. The current production of liquid biofuels in the EU25 is less than 1% of the market. Recent assessments have concluded that the 2010 tar-gets, 18 Mtoe used in the transport sector, are unlikely to be achieved. There can be three basic possibilities of accomplishing this target: i) the use of alcohols (first of all ethanol) and their mixing with petrol; ii) the use of fatty acids esters (methyl or ethyl) of vegetable oils and their mixing with diesel fuel, iii) the use of synthetic hydrocarbons of the synthetic gas coming from biomass resources and eventually their mixing with other “clas-sical” hydrocarbons. This paper presents a new way of utilizing alcohols as fuels for a diesel engine. It is proposed to use heavy alcohols as a mix with vegetable oils and conventional diesel fuel. It is presented another way to use alcohols. Namely the use of heavy alcohols as a solvent for vegetable oil (called the biomix or BM) and after the obtain-ment of the density which would be similar to diesel fuel, mixing the biomix with diesel fuel to obtain biomixdie-sel (BMD). This solution will be shown for example with butanol as heavy alcohol, rape oil as vegetable oil and conventional diesel fuel. The investigations are carried out with a simple diesel engine on the engine test bed. Main parameters of engine (power output, torque, specific fuel consumption) and the main exhaust gas compo-nents (in this case CO, NOx, PM) were investigated. There were better results achieved than one expected. Con-trary to existing experiences, the maximum of power output and the torque of engine is higher in the whole range of the rotatory speed of the engine crankshaft when the engine biomixdiesel (BMD) is reinforced. The addition of the biomix component to fuel influences the specific fuel consumption. Generally with the larger part of the bio-mix component the specific fuel consumption grows. Because the power of engine also grows up one should expect that in exploitation the specific fuel consumption should not increase. It is very important that this fuel could be used to reinforce old, existing now and the future diesel engines. It’s worth paying attention that the presented solution in which a virgin vegetable oil (contrary to today’s situation in which as a fuel ingredient we have only fatty esters) is an ingredient for fuel. The production of butanol is known (from biomass and in other way with electrolysis of ethanol). The possi-bility to get butanol from ethanol gives a very good perspective for the use of ethanol from today’s overproduction and moreover without the essential change of infrastructure. All this leads to the conclusion that fulfilling the expected requirements of European Union regarding the biofuels is fully possible.The introduction of new fuel needs carrying out of a lot of complicated investigations, but chosen direction may be interesting.

16

New European biofuels for diesel engines

Sitnik L. J.

Journal of KONES

|

2008

|

Vol. 15, No. 3

487-491

EN

The World is strongly dependent on crude oil for its transport needs. In order to diminish this dependence, we need to introduce clean, CO2-efficient, secure and affordable transportation fuels. The development of innovative biofuel technologies will help to cover significantly (up to 25% in Europe) road transport fuel needs. Biofuels production of 33 billion litres in 2004 is small compared to 1200 billion litres of gasoline produced annually worldwide. The current production of liquid biofuels in the EU 25 is about 2 Mtoe, which is less than 1% of the market. Recent assessments have concluded that the 2010 targets, 18 Mtoe used in the transport sector, are unlikely to be achieved. There can be three basic possibilities of accomplishing this target: i) use of alcohols (first of all ethanol) and their mixing with petrol; ii) use of fatty acids esters (methyl or ethyl) of vegetable oils and their mixing with diesel fuel, iii) use of synthetic hydrocarbons of the synthetic gas coming from biomass resources and eventually their mixing with other ,,classical" hydrocarbons. This paper presents a novel way of utilizing alcohols as fuels for a diesel engine. It is proposed to use heavy alcohols as a mix with conventional diesel fuel. The possibility to use a mix of butanol (as heavy alcohol) with conventional diesel fuel is demonstrated. Butanol has some key advantages over ethanol and light hydrocarbons (petrol), including higher energy content and better transport characteristics. Moreover, butanol is hydrophobic, so a new logistic infrastructure is not necessary. This paper demonstrates that a diesel-butanol fuel mixture is supplied to a diesel engine without any problems. A consumption of proposed biofuel mixture from +35% to -35% of typical diesel fuel depends on many factors not only on fuel energy density. A near-term effort of BP Biofuels and DuPont to develop and commercialize biobutanol is well-known. Here, it is proposed a new technological process combining electricity generation in fuel cells with electrolysis and a production of butanol from ethanol, which gives an opportunity to reduce today,'s over production of ethanol without a necessary change of existing infrastructure.

17

Solubilizacja długołańcuchowych olefin w układach wodnych : notatka laboratoryjna

Tic W. J.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2005

|

T. 84, nr 5

350-352

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań zdolności solubilizacji długołańcuchowych olefin w układzie wodnym zawierającym butanol i dodecylosiarczan sodu (SDS). Układ wodny wykazuje zdolność solubilizacji olefin w zakresie ściśle określonych stężeń butanolu i SDS. Wyjście poza wyznaczone obszary stężeń powoduje gwałtowny spadek zdolności solubilizacji olefin.

EN

1-Hexene, 1-dodecene, and 1-tetradecene were solubilized in aq. 25, 45, and 50% BuOH–Na dodecyl sulfate (SDS) systems at 20°C and 250 rpm. To solubilize an olefin, BuOH and SDS must be within 25–50% and min. 5 g/100g, resp. With 37.5 g SDS/100 g and 25% BuOH, 100 g of the aq. phase solubilized 145 g 1-hexene, and with 40 g SDS, 35 g 1-dodecene or 24 g 1-tetradecene. Up to 40% BuOH, solubilization remained unaffected. With 30 g SDS and 45 (50%) BuOH, 94 (100) 1-dodecene or 55 g (73 g) 1-tetradecene was solubilized. With 3% of tri-Na salt of tri(m-sulfophenyl)phosphine added to aq. 45% BuOH, solubilization of 1-dodecene started only at 22.5 g SDS, but then rose abruptly and, at 30 g SDS, was higher by 60% than that with no electrolyte added, and continued to rise as SDS was increased.

18

Dynamika biodegradacji butanolu na złożu naturalnym z kory sosnowej

Chmiel K.

Inżynieria Chemiczna i Procesowa

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2004

|

T. 25, z. 2

473-480

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych i analizę teoretyczną dynamiki procesu biodegradacji butanolu. Do opisu procesu zaproponowano zwarty model dwufazowy. Szybkość biodegradacji odoru w fazie stacjonarnej wyrażono za pomocą równania R[i]=[mi]q[i]^h/(k[m]+q[i]), gdzie n =1,5, które precyzyjnie odwzorowuje proces w szerokim zakresie zmiennych procesowych.

EN

Experimental and theoretical studies of butanol biodegradation under transient (periodic) operation are reported. A concise two-phase model of the process has been proposed. The expression of the kinetics of odour biodegradation in the solid phase using the equation R[i]=[mi]q[i]^h/(k[m]+q[i]), with n = 1.5, appeared to be critical to obtain the process accurate portrayed in a broad range of operating variables.

19

Biofiltracja butanolu na frakcjonowanym złożu z kory sosnowej na odcinku niestabilnej pracy złoża

Palica M., Chmiel K.

Inżynieria Chemiczna i Procesowa

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2001

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T. 22, z. 3D

1091--1096

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące biofiltracji butanolu na złożu z frakcjonowanej kory sosnowej w zakresie zmienności koncentracji wlotowej do kolumny C 1= 1-100 mg/m3 i czasu kontaktu тк = 2,17-9,74 s. Celem badań było określenie skuteczności rozkładu butanolu w funkcji zmiennych procesowych na odcinku niestabilnej pracy złoża.

EN

The results of investigation of butanol degradation in the bed of preselected pine tree bark are presented. Butanol concentration ranged from 1 to 100 mg/m3 and contact time was equal to тк = 2,17-9,74 s. The emphasis of the studies was placed on unsteady-state characteristics dependence upon process parameters.