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1

Lead block compression test for determining the brisance of selected explosives

Mertuszka Piotr, Pytlik Mateusz, Kramarczyk Bartłomiej, Baranowski Paweł

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2023

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T. 15

61--70

EN

The Hess lead block compression test was used for the experimental determination of brisance of explosives. This method exploits the deformation of a lead block resulting from the detonation of explosive sample. The determination of brisance is based on the assumption that the compression of the lead cylinder is proportional to the brisance of an explosive sample. Results from this test may be expressed either directly via the deformation of the lead cylinder or as a compression factor. In this paper, experimental results of the brisance have been referenced to the brisance created by detonation of hexogen. Different explosives used in mining were tested, including bulk emulsion explosives, dynamite, ANFO and ammonium nitrate powdered explosives. Moreover, four reference high explosives were tested, which could be used as a reference explosives in some tests of working capacity.

PL

Próba odkształcenia walca ołowianego Hessa została wykorzystana do eksperymentalnego wyznaczenia kruszności materiałów wybuchowych. Metoda ta odpowiada deformacji walca ołowianego w wyniku detonacji próbki materiału wybuchowego. Wyznaczanie kruszności opiera się na założeniu, że wielkość odkształcenia walca ołowianego jest proporcjonalna do kruszności próbki materiału wybuchowego. Wyniki badań w tej metodzie można wyrazić zarówno jako rzeczywistą wartość odkształcenia walca ołowianego lub też jako współczynnik kompresji. W niniejszej pracy, eksperymentalne wyniki badań kruszności odniesiono do kruszności uzyskanej w wyniku detonacji próbki heksogenu. Analizie poddano różne górnicze materiały wybuchowe, w tym materiały wybuchowe emulsyjne luzem, dynamit, saletrole oraz materiały wybuchowe amonowo-saletrzane. Ponadto, przebadano cztery referencyjne materiały wybuchowe kruszące, które mogą być stosowane jako wzorcowe materiały wybuchowe w niektórych badaniach zdolności do wykonania pracy.

2

Properties of explosive systems containing water

Maranda Andrzej, Polis Mateusz, Nikolczuk Karolina

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2022

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T. 14

14--25

EN

The paper presents the of the properties of explosive mixtures containing water as one of the basic components. The literature data analysis was performed for binary mixtures containing: aluminum dust, ammonium nitrate(V) and high-energy explosives (nitrocellulose, trinitrotoluene, hexogene, pentrite) or their mixtures, smokeless powders in addition to water. The most frequently described parameters were the brisance, the detonation velocity and the detonation capacity.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono właściwości wybuchowych mieszanin zawierających wodę jako podstawowy składnik. Analizę danych literaturowych wykonano dla mieszanin binarnych zawierających oprócz wody: pył aluminiowy, azotan(V) amonu lub wysokoenergetyczne materiały wybuchowe (trinitrotoluen, heksogen, pentryt) lub ich mieszaniny oraz prochy bezdymne. Najczęściej opisanymi parametrami były: kruszność, prędkość detonacji i zdolność do detonacji.

3

Determining the brisance of selected emulsion explosives used in mining via the Hess method

Kramarczyk Bartłomiej, Mertuszka Piotr, Pytlik Mateusz, Szudeja Rafał

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2022

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T. 14

117--134

PL

Kruszność, energia i prędkość detonacji są jednymi z najważniejszych parametrów opisujących materiały wybuchowe kruszące. Są one wyznaczane różnymi metodami. Do oznaczania kruszności materiałów wybuchowych opracowano do tej pory kilka metod badawczych, spośród których wymienić należy próbę zgniatania Hessa, test zagłębienia płytki, test piaskowy oraz metodę Kasta. Pierwsza metoda, która wydaje się być najczęściej stosowaną, odnosi się do odkształcenia walca ołowianego po detonacji próbki materiału wybuchowego. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań kruszności wybranych górniczych materiałów wybuchowych emulsyjnych przy użyciu próby odkształcenia Hessa. Analizie poddano różne materiały wybuchowe emulsyjne produkowane przez Nitroerg S.A., w tym luzem i nabojowane. Ponadto, przy użyciu dedykowanego oprogramowania wyznaczono teoretyczne parametry materiałów wybuchowych oraz skorelowano je z uzyskanymi wynikami kruszności. Z kolei teoretyczne wartości kruszności zostały obliczone przy użyciu różnych podejść, które opisane są w literaturze naukowej.

EN

Brisance, power and detonation velocity are the most important parameters describing secondary high explosives. They are determined by various methods. In the experimental determination of brisance, a number of different methods have been developed to date, including the Hess lead block compression test, plate dent test, sand test and the Kast method. The first method, which seems to be used most frequently, measures the deformation of a lead block caused by the detonation of an explosive sample. In this paper, the brisance of selected emulsion explosives used in mining, determined via the Hess compression test, are presented. Different emulsion explosives manufactured by Nitroerg S.A. were tested, including bulk and cartridged emulsions. Moreover, the properties of explosives were also predicted theoretically using dedicated software and the results correlated with those obtained from the test. In turn, theoretical values of brisance were calculated using the different approaches described in the literature.

4

Performance and Detonation Characteristics of Polyurethane Matrix Bonded Attractive Nitramines

Elbeih A., Wafy T. Z., Elshenawy T.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2017

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Vol. 14, no. 1

77--89

EN

Several cast-cured plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) based on cyclic nitramines bonded by a polyurethane matrix have been prepared and studied. The nitramines were ε-CL20 (ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, ε-HNIW), BCHMX (bicyclo-HMX, cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole), RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane) and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane). The detonation velocities were measured experimentally. The brisance of the prepared compositions was determined by the Kast method. The penetration performance of shaped charges filled with the prepared compositions was measured experimentally. The detonation parameters of the studied compositions and the individual explosives were calculated using the EXPLO5 thermodynamic code. It was concluded that CL20-HTPB has the highest detonation characteristics and performance of all of the prepared PBXs. BCHMX-HTPB is an interesting PBX with performance and detonation characteristics higher than those of RDX-HTPB. A linear relationship between the detonation pressures of the prepared PBXs and their performances in terms of the explosive brisance was observed; while the penetration depths formed by the shaped charge jets depended on the Gurney velocity of the studied PBXs samples.

5

Characteristics of Melt Cast Compositions Based on cis-1,3,4,6-Tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5 d] imidazole (BCHMX)/TNT

Elbeih A., Zeman S.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2014

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Vol. 11, no. 4

501--513

EN

cis-1,3,4,6-Tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5 d]imidazole (BCHMX) is a new bicyclic nitramine which has been prepared using a two-stage synthetic method. In this work, a new melt cast composition based on BCHMX/TNT (60/40 by wt.) was prepared. For comparison purposes, Composition B based on RDX (1,3,5-trinitro1,3,5-triazacyclohexane)/TNT (60/40 by wt.), and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7tetraazacyclooctane)/TNT (60/40 by wt.) were also studied. Impact and friction sensitivities of these compositions and of the individual explosives were determined. The detonation velocities were measured experimentally. The performance of the compositions prepared was studied by measuring the brisance using the Kast method. The detonation parameters of the compositions and the individual explosives were calculated using the EXPLO5 thermodynamic code. The results show that mixing these nitramines with TNT decreases their sensitivities. BCHMX/TNT is more sensitive to impact and friction than Composition B while it has higher detonation parameters, at the same level as HMX/TNT. In comparison, BCHMX/TNT has the highest relative brisance of the compositions studied. It is postulated that the higher performance characteristics of BCHMX and compositions based on it, in comparison with those of HMX, are due to a higher positive heat of formation for this nitramine.

6

Some Properties of High Explosive Mixtures of Low Sensitivity to External Stimuli

Bąk A., Maranda A., Nowaczewski J., Szerszeń M.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2006

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Vol. 3, nr 3

52-64

EN

In this paper, a method of obtaining explosive mixtures of low sensitivity to external stimuli is described. The results of measurements of sensitivity to friction are presented. The decrease of sensitivity was obtained by addition of insensitive explosives like: nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). Detonation velocity (VOD) and brisance for the chosen explosive mixtures were measured. VOD was determined by short circuit sensor method, and brisance was determined by the Plate-Denting Test. The velocity measurements of metal plate (thickness 2 mm) throwing by detonation products of explosive mixtures were carried out. VOD of tested mixtures are high (8000-8500 m s-1), and their density are at least 90% of maximal theoretic density, so these compositions can be defined as high explosive mixtures. The brisance of tested mixtures is also high, and considerably exceeds the brisance of TNT, in the case of HMX/NTO (49.5/50) compositions this parameter is higher than brisance of desensitized hexogene. The throwing ability for individual mixtures is high. This parameter exceeded 3500 m s-1 for almost all cases. The comparison of measured and calculated velocity of throwing plates, measured by different methods showed good compatibility.

7

Brisance of the high explosives

Włodarczyk E.

Journal of Technical Physics

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2000

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Vol. 41, no 4

343-359

EN

The essential survey of the literature data, concerning the brisance of high explosives (HE) has been made in this paper. It is confirmed that the quantitative criteria of the theoretical estimate of the HE brisance proposed in the scientific literature are based on several assumptions, which are contradictory to the real course of the explosion phenomenon, and therefore they are erroneous. These criteria must not be applicated in the engineering practice. The reflection process of the detonation wave from th inertial rigid partition was used in order to derive the new formula describing the relative brisance of the HE. Moreover, the brisance of numerous commercial explosives and the military ones has been analysed too. The results, presented in this paper, are confirmed by experimentally gained data.