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1

Secular variations of inclination of the geomagnetic field in SE Poland between 1200 and 1800 AD

Nawrocki Jerzy, Standzikowski Karol, Łanczont Maria, Werner Tomasz, Gancarski Jan, Gil Zdzisław

Geochronometria

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2021

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Vol. 48, no.1

95--104

EN

A set of brick samples from 26 historical buildings in SE Poland was taken for archeomagnetic study. As a result of this study, the secular variations of inclination of the geomagnetic field from 1200 to 1800 AD were defined for SE Poland. The course of them is approximately the same as obtained in other parts of Europe. The only remarkable difference is a more rapid and deeper drop of inclination noted in SE Poland at the end of the 18th century. The regional curve of secular variations of inclination for SE Poland differs substantially from the coeval curve defined earlier for N Poland (Gdańsk) in their segments dated at the first half of the 18th century, where a deep minimum of inclination was disclosed in the bricks from N Poland only. The reuse of medieval bricks for the construction of objects giving this minimum or later secondary heating of original bricks can be a reason for the difference observed. Further archeomagnetic studies of the bricks of the last millennium are necessary in SE Poland to eliminate the gaps and uncertainties in the regional curve of secular variations of inclination.

2

The Use of Black Coal Fly Ash at the Production of Ceramic Materials, 1. Part

Michalikova F., Brezani I., Sisol M., Mihokova L., Stehlikova B.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2014

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R. 15, nr 1

227--234

EN

In the contribution, methods of utilizing power plant fly ash for the bricks production are presented. The utilization of fly ash at maximum of 30 % (wt) meets the requirements to the bending strength (after drying and firing) of the probe bricks. The laboratory tests prove the justification of the application of fly ash in the brick manufacturEng.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę produkcji cegieł z wykorzystaniem popiołu lotnego z elektrowni. Udział popiołu lotnego w ilości 30% (wagowo) spełnia wymagania dotyczące wytrzymałości na zginanie (po wysuszeniu i wypaleniu) cegieł. Badania laboratoryjne wykazały skuteczność zastosowania popiołów lotnych w produkcji cegły.

3

Utilization of recycle paper mill residue and rice husk ash in production of light weight bricks

Raut S., Ralegaonkar R., Mandavgane S.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, no. 2

269--275

EN

Resource recovery and utilization of industrial by-product materials for making construction material has gained significant attention across the world. In this research study, recycle paper mill residue (RPMR) and rice husk ash (RHA) are utilized to improve the properties of bricks. This research study evaluated the feasibility of utilizing RPMR and RHA for making construction bricks. A homogeneous mixture of RPMR–RHA–cement was prepared with varying amount of RHA (10–20% by weight) and RPMR (70–80% by weight) and tested in accordance with the IS codes. Characterization of RPMR and RHA was performed using XRF, TG-DTA, XRD and SEM techniques. The SEM monographs show that RPMR has a porous and fibrous structure. The TG-DTA characterization demonstrated that RPMR can withstand temperatures up to 280 °C. The results indicate that RPMR-bricks prepared from RPMR–RHA–cement combination are light weight and meet compressive strength requirements of IS 1077-1992. This novel construction material serves objectives of resource recovery through prudent solid waste management.

4

Korozja materiałów ogniotrwałych pod wpływem żużla z procesu nagrzewania stali transformatorowych i prądnicowych

Barański J., Majchrowicz I.

Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza

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2009

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T. 61, nr 3

29-33

PL

W procesie nagrzewania wsadu ze stali prądnicowych i transformatorowych powstaje wysokoreaktywny płynny żużel żelazisto-krzemianowy w wyniku czego wyłożenie obmurza trzonów pieców przepychowych ulega bardzo szybkiemu zużyciu. W wyniku badań odporności korozyjnej różnego gatunku wysokojakościowych wyrobów ogniotrwałych (glinokrzemianowych, magnezjowych i betonów niskocementowych) pod działaniem przedmiotowego żużla, wytypowano dwa gatunki wyrobów ogniotrwałych charakteryzujących się najlepszą odpornością korozyjną. Określono mechanizm korozji wyrobów glinokrzemianowych pod wpływem żużla z procesu nagrzewania stali transformatorowych i prądnicowych. Omówiono przyczynę wysokiej odporności korozyjnej wyrobów magnezjowych i magnezjowo-chromitowych. Wskazano rodzaj materiałów ogniotrwałych do stosowania w piecu przepychowym, spełniających warunek wysokiej trwałości wymurówki w kontakcie z wysokoreaktywnym, płynnym żużlem żelazisto-krzemowym.

EN

During the heating of dynamo steel and transformer steel the highly reactive, liquid, ferro-silicate slag is formed and, as a result, the refractory lining of pusher furnace wears very quickly. On the basis of corrosion tests of different, high quality refractory materials (aluminosilicate bricks, magnesia bricks and low cement castables) two types of refractories with the highest corrosion resistance were chosen. The mechanism of corrosion of aluminosilicate bricks against slag from heating process of transformer steel and dynamo steel was described. The reason for high corrosion resistance of magnesia and magnesia-chromia bricks was discussed. The type of refractory materials for application in pusher furnace in contact with highly reactive, liquid, ferro-silicate slag was indicated.

5

Właściwości betonów z kruszywem recyklingowym z cegły

Zając B.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2008

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Nr 5

62-63

PL

W artykule przedstawiono właściwości kruszyw recyklingowych z cegły, właściwości betonów z tym kruszywem oraz składniki kosztu kruszywa. Kruszywa z cegły mają gorsze cechy niż kruszywa naturalne i kruszywa recyklingowe z betonu. Betony z kruszywem recyklingowym z cegły mają wiele wad ale mogą być stosowane w elementach niekonstrukcyjnych, gdzie wymagany jest mały ciężar i duża ognioodporność.

EN

Based on available literature, the paper presents properties of aggregate from demolished masonry rubble, properties of concretes with such aggregate and costs of recycling aggregate. Concretes with recycling aggregate from masonry rubble are worse than concretes with natural aggregate. Brick aggregate can be used in non-constructive elements and in cases where a small weight and high fireproofness are required.

6

Using the TL single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol for the verification of the chronology of the Teutonic Order Castle in Malbork

Chruścińska A., Jesionowski B., Oczkowski H. L., Przegiętka K.

Geochronometria

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2008

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Vol. 30

61-67

EN

The Teutonic Order Castle in Malbork is one of the precious medieval monuments in Europe. Because of the lack of natural rock resources in Pomerania, its walls are built almost exclusively of bricks. The huge volume and rich historical knowledge about the Malbork Castle makes it a marvellous object for TL dating. The parts of well known age can serve for the verification and improvement of dating method. Subsequently, gained in such way knowledge and experience can be applied for discovering the history of the rest of the castle. Here, the preliminary results of investigations which are still in progress, are presented for 5 brick samples. The applied TL dating procedure is described in detail. The very good accuracy of equivalent dose is achieved by the TL single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. The effect of wall inhomogeneity connected with the difference between the activity of the brick and mortar is discussed.