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1

Influence hot plastic deformation on the structure and properties of carbon steel of the railway wheel

Vakulenko Igor, Plitchenko Sergey, Bolotova Dariy, Asgarov Khangardash

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 121

257--266

EN

The study is devoted to the explanation of the influence of hot plastic deformation on the properties of railway wheels. The shape of individual elements of the wheel provides for a different degree of hot compression, which determines the mechanism for the development of the recrystallization at austenite. With a decrease in the degree of the hot deformation, a certain proportion of grains with a low energy of linear stretching are formed in austenite. As a result, of the low mobility of such boundaries, the likelihood of preservation of part of the substructural state of the austenite increases, which should affect the formation of a colony of perlite during the cooling of the carbon steel. Against background preservation and a dependence of strength properties on the dispersion of the pearlite colony, the appearance in austenite of grain boundaries with a low energy of linear tension leads to a qualitative change in the plastic properties of railway wheel steel. The increase in plasticity of carbon steel with an increase in dispersion of the pearlite colony is due to a decrease in the effect of solid solution hardening and an increase in the role of the ferrite-cementite interface in the development processes of strain hardening carbon steel. The results obtained can be useful for improving the technology of manufacturing all-rolled railway wheels.

2

Technical aspects and consequences of establishing the shoreline in Poland

Hanus Paweł, Benduch Piotr

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2023

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Vol. 116

85--92

EN

The shifting of the shoreline is a natural phenomenon closely related to the existence of watercourses. One of its consequences is the need to periodically update the real estate cadastre with regard to parcel boundaries and their owners. Land use types use are also subject to updates, which bears particular significance in this context. This article presents the most essential practical aspects of establishing the shoreline in Poland, including the identification of property boundaries located in the immediate vicinity of watercourses. The main problems associated with conducting the process of demarcating land under water are discussed using selected technical reports as examples. Attention is drawn to the numbering of parcels resulting from the implementation of the analyzed procedure, as well as the precision of recording surface areas. Moreover, the consequences of changing the natural watercourse shoreline and the limitations imposed on property ownership rights are presented, along with the issue of compensation claims.

3

Limitations in the airspace sovereignty of states in connection with space activity

Polkowska M.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 20, No. 3

42--56

EN

The launch of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957 resulted in the emergence of two legal concepts concerning spacefl ight. The first of them concerned harmless passage through airspace subjected to the sovereignty of states, the second - recognition that at the height of the trajectory of a passage, space is no longer subject to the sovereignty of states (res omnium communis). In both cases, we are dealing with limiting the sovereignty of states. Th ese issues have not been resolved to this day. The practice of spaceflight has confirmed the freedom of spaceflight, although it has not resolved the issue of the upper limit of airspace. It is worth emphasising, however, that the decisive factor for the development of space law was the customary law that arose in 1957, because states did not protest and tacitly accepted the principle of a harmless flight.

4

Classical solutions of the hyperbolic-type equations

Korzyuk V., Naumavets S., Kozlovskaja I.

Studia i Materiały / Europejska Uczelnia Informatyczno-Ekonomiczna w Warszawie

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2017

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Nr 1(13)

63--75

EN

In this paper we describe the method of characteristics, which allows to find a closed form solution of the classical boundary value problems for linear partial differential equations of hyperbolic type in the case of two independent variables. Necessary and sufficient conditions for each task matching the specified functions, in the right-hand side of the equation and the boundary conditions are proved. The article suggests that the classical solution existence is proved.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono metodę charakterystyk, która pozwala odnajdować w postaci analitycznej, klasyczne rozwiązania zagadnień brzegowych dla układu równań liniowych i różniczkowych cząstkowych, typu hiperbolicznego, w przypadku dwóch niezależnych zmiennych. Udowodniono zgodność warunków koniecznego i wystarczającego, dla każdego zagadnienia funkcji, które wchodzą do prawej części równania, co pozwala twierdzić, że klasyczne rozwiązanie istnieje.

5

Assessing the usefulness of the photogrammetric method in the process of capturing data on parcel boundaries

Benduch P., Pęska-Siwik A.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2017

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Vol. 66, no. 1

3--22

EN

A parcel is the most important object of real estate cadastre. Its primary spatial attribute are boundaries, determining the extent of property rights. Capturing the data on boundaries should be performed in the way ensuring sufficiently high accuracy and reliability. In recent years, as part of the project “ZSIN – Construction of Integrated Real Estate Information System – Stage I”, in the territories of the participating districts, actions were taken aimed at the modernization of the register of land and buildings. In many cases, this process was carried out basing on photogrammetric materials. Applicable regulations allow such a possibility. This paper, basing on the documentation from the National Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation Center and on the authors’ own surveys attempts to assess the applicability of the photogrammetric method to capture data on the boundaries of cadastral parcels. The scope of the research, most importantly, included the problem of accuracy with which it was possible to determine the position of a boundary point using photogrammetric surveys carried out on the terrain model created from processed aerial photographs. The article demonstrates the manner of recording this information in the cadastral database, as well as the resulting legal consequences. Moreover, the level of reliability of the entered values of the selected attributes of boundary points was assessed.

6

Problematyka ustalenia strony w rozgraniczeniu nieruchomości

Karabin M.

Przegląd Geodezyjny

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2016

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R. 88, nr 5

5--11

PL

W artykule autor podjął próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące ustalenia stron postępowania rozgraniczeniowego oraz w innych postępowaniach związanych z granicami nieruchomości w ujęciu przedmiotowym. Istotą rozważań jest kwestia nadania, bądź nie przymiotu strony osobie posiadającej prawa rzeczowe do danej nieruchomości, w zależności od układu geometrycznego ustalanych granic oraz granic nieruchomości sąsiednich.

EN

The author of the paper attempted to answer the question concerning determination of parties of delimitation proceedings and in other proceedings related to real estate boundaries on a object basis. Considerations are focused on the assignment (or not) of an attribute of a party to the person possessing material rights to a given real estate, depending on the geometric configuration of determined boundaries and boundaries of neighbouring real estates.

7

The Assessment of the Influence of Cadastral Parcel Boundary Points Location Errors on the Accuracy of Analytical Determination of Their Surface Area

Benduch P.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

17--31

PL

Działka stanowi obiekt wiodący ewidencji gruntów i budynków. Jej nadrzędnym atrybutem przestrzennym są granice określające zasięg prawa własności. Pochodną granic jest pole powierzchni działki, które zgodnie z przepisami obliczane jest na podstawie współrzędnych punktów granicznych. Bazując na wyprowadzonych wzorach oraz na materiałach pozyskanych z ośrodków dokumentacji geodezyjnej i kartograficznej, przeanalizowano podstawowe czynniki wpływające na wartość błędu średniego pola powierzchni działki. Wyniki badań jednoznacznie potwierdziły, że błędy położenia punktów granicznych w sposób istotny wpływają na obniżenie dokładności analitycznego wyznaczenia pola powierzchni. Ważną rolę w tym aspekcie odgrywa także geometria działki, która jest ściśle powiązana z liczbą punktów załamania granic. W praktyce na ostateczną wartość błędu średniego pola powierzchni wpływają wszystkie z rozpatrywanych czynników. Ich sumaryczne oddziaływanie może powodować bardzo negatywne skutki w wielu dziedzinach związanych z gospodarką nieruchomościami. Świadczy to o tym, że dane o granicach działek powinny być pozyskiwane z najwyższą dokładnością, zwłaszcza na terenach zurbanizowanych. Spełnienie tego postulatu przyczyni się do istotnej poprawy szeroko pojętego funkcjonowania ewidencji gruntów i budynków.

EN

A parcel constitutes a leading object in the register of land and buildings. The main spatial attribute of a parcel are its boundaries, which determine the range of proprietary right. The surface area of a parcel is a derivative of its boundaries and in accordance with the regulations in force it is calculated on the basis of boundary points coordinates. Based on derived formulas and on the materials obtained from the centres of geodetic and cartographic documentation, the basic factors influencing the value of average error of parcel surface area have been analyzed. The results of examination have confirmed unambiguously that the errors in boundary points’ location have a significant influence on lowering the accuracy of surface area analytical determination. The parcel geometry, which is strictly connected with the number of boundary bend points, plays also an important role in this respect. In practice, all the considered factors affect the final value of surface area average error. Their total influence can cause very negative effects in a great number of fields related to real estate management. It proves the fact that data on parcels’ boundaries should be obtained with the highest accuracy, particularly on urbanized areas. The fulfilment of this postulate will contribute to a significant improvement of broadly-understood functioning of the register of land and buildings.

8

The improvement of mechanisms for establishing and changing boundaries of administrative and territorial units

Kovalyshyn A., Kryshenyk N.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

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2016

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Vol. 5, No 3

177--182

EN

Modern land organization, as a complex of social-economic and ecological measures, is focused on rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial units, which make a spatial base for territorial organization of state management and local self-governing. Thus, determination of boundaries of administrative-territorial units is very important, actual and responsible task of land organization. Improvement of organizational and ecological mechanisms of establishment of boundaries of administrative-territorial units through the provision of these subjects with the relevant land surveying, land planning and cartographic, soil, land evaluation materials and agreed urban planning documents is still of great importance. Legislation of Ukraine determines the dependence of land use documents (land development project regarding the establishment of (changes in) the boundaries of settlements) on the town planning documentation (the general layout of a settlement, other town planning documentation), but the mechanism of its implementation is not grounded.

9

Visualization of mining and geological data based on coal mine KWK “Knurów-Szczygłowice” Ruch “Knurów”

Sobstyl M., Jabłoński M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

134

EN

The aim of this work was to create a 3D model of underground workings of fragment coal mine KWK “Knurów-Szczygłowice” Ruch “Knurów” for 550 m and 650 m level. The 3D model has been developed on basis of the digital, two-dimensional mining map (Maciaszek et a l. 2010). Initially, completeness of mining maps has been checked, which allows one to select the south – east area to create the model. The elements were created in 3D space such as: boundaries of the mining area, protective pillars, workings wall, boreholes (Drąg 2011). Creating a model one started from the construction of the simplest form, the axis model. In turn moving to more complex visualization a circular cross-section model has been created. For workings walls the basis for showing them in three-dimensional space was to extrude the surface along the Z axis equal to the thickness of the deposit (Galica 2011). More complex task was modeling protective pillars because of their shape of the area. An important element was to define transparency level each of element from the model. Modeling was performed in Microstation, AutoCAD and with GeoLisp system, which bases on AutoCAD. Afterwards, conclusions for creating three-dimensional mining maps and using programs have been performed (Poniewiera 2008, Krawczyk 2008). The result of the work is an animation showing selected elements of mining map in 3D space (Mertas & Poniewiera 2009).

10

Functioning of ecotones-spiders and ants of edges between native and non-native forest plantations

Gallé R., Kanizsail O., Ăca V., Molnăr B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

815--820

EN

Habitat edges are regarded as important components of heterogeneous landscapes. Diverse theories exist about the diversity and functional role of edges, and no generalisation have been possible so far, thus case studies are important for better understanding the landscape scale processes. Forest management highly modified the structure and tree species composition of the European forests. The sylvicultural intensification resulted in the rise of the proportion of non-native, intensively managed forest stands. In the present study we explore the response of spider and ant assemblages to forest stand type and the edge effect between native poplar and non-native conifer plantations in Hungary. We applied pitfall traps to sample the ground-dwelling spiders and ants. Four plots consisting of the two forest types and the transition zones between them were selected. Five transects for each replicated plot were sampled. We identified the significant indicator species of the different habitat types. We found significant differences in the species richness (i.e. number of species) of ants and spiders of the different habitat types. We detected intermediate spider species richness at the edge indicating that edges separate a higher quality habitat from one that has lower resource quality; however, the species richness of ants was the highest at the edge and did not differ between the two forest types. The positive impacts of edge was found due to presence of generalist and grassland species at the edge and presumably edges separate patches that provide complementary resources also increasing the number of ant species. Our results indicate that forest type affects the species compositions of ground-dwelling spiders and ants. Our study also shows that habitat type had a major effect on the species richness and composition of spider and ant assemblages, suggesting that local forestry management plays a crucial role in preserving the native invertebrate fauna of forests.

11

Investigation on the Film Flow of a Third Grade Fluid on an Inclined Plane Using HPM

Azimi M., Azimi A.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 18, nr 1

5--10

EN

This work concerns the study of the thin film flow problem arising in non–Newtonian fluid mechanics using analytical approach. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary nonlinear boundary value problem by applying the transformation method. Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) has been applied to obtain solution of reduced nonlinear boundary value problem. The analytical solutions of the flow velocity distributions for different cases have been presented. The effect of material constant has also discussed. Finally, analytical results have been compared with numerical one obtained by forth order Runge Kutta method. High accuracy and validity are the advantages of present study.

12

On the Problem of Boundaries from Mereology and Rough Mereology Points of View

Polkowski L., Semeniuk-Polkowska M.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2014

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Vol. 133, nr 2/3

241--255

EN

The notion of a boundary belongs in the canon of the most important notions of mereotopology, the topological theory induced by mereological structures; the importance of this notion rests not only in its applications to practical spatial reasoning, e.g., in geographical information systems, where it is usually couched under the term of a contour and applied in systems related to economy, welfare, climate, wildlife etc., but also in its impact on reasoning schemes elaborated for reasoning about spatial objects, represented as regions, about spatial locutions etc. The difficulty with this notion lies primarily in the fact that boundaries are things not belonging in mereological universa of things of which they are boundaries. Various authors, from philosophers through mathematicians to logicians and computer scientists proposed schemes for defining and treating boundaries. We propose two approaches to boundaries; the first aims at defining boundaries as things possibly in the universe in question, i.e., composed of existing things, whereas the second defines them as things in a meta–space built over the mereological universe in question, i.e., we assume a priori that boundaries are in a sense ‘things at infinity’, in an agreement with the topological nature of boundaries. Of the two equivalent topological definitions of a boundary, the first, global, defining the boundary as the difference between the closure and the interior of the set, and the second, local, defining it as the set of boundary points whose all neighborhoods transect the set, the first calls for the first type of the boundary and the second is best fitted for the meta–boundary. In the text that follows, we discuss mereology and rough mereology notions (sects. 2, 3), the topological approach to the notion of a boundary and the model ROM with which we illustrate our discussion (sect. 4), the mereology approach (sect. 5), and the approach based on rough mereology and granular computing in the framework of rough mereology (sect. 6).

13

Boundaries, Borders, Fences, Hedges

Polkowski L., Semeniuk-Polkowska M.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2014

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Vol. 129, nr 1/2

149--159

EN

In this essay, we analyze various often semantically identified notions of separating things. In doing this, we contrast the set–theoretical approach based on the notion of an element/point with the mereological approach based on the notion of a part, hence, pointless. We address time aspect of the notion of a boundary and related notions as well as approximate notions defined in the realm of rough (approximate) mereology.

14

Jakie są minimalne odległości budynków od granicy niezabudowanej działki?

Korzeniewski W., Korzeniewski R.

Budownictwo i Prawo

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2014

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R. 17, nr 2

10--13

15

Evaluation of the boundary layer morning transition using the CL-31 ceilometer signals

Sokół P, Stachlewska I.S, Ungureanu I., Stefan S.

Acta Geophysica

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2014

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Vol. 62, no. 2

367--380

EN

The morning transition of the atmospheric boundary layer from nighttime to daytime conditions was investigated using the Vaisala’s CL-31 ceilometer, located at Magurele, Romania (44.35°N, 26.03°E). Based on the 5-days backward trajectories, we rejected those measurements which were related to the intrusions of long-range transported particles. In the several discussed cases, which are representative for the morning transition in spring and summer seasons over Magurele, the increasing depth of the boundary layer related to the local aerosol load was well discernible. The dynamic change of its depth was estimated with errors using a simple method based on finding the minimum of the first derivative of the ceilometer signal. In the summer, the increase of the boundary layer depth due to the morning transition from the nighttime to daytime conditions starts on average of about 80 min earlier and the growth rate of this depth is 143 ± 6 m/h and about 37% slower than in the spring case.

16

The effect of zinc dithiophosphates on the friction and wear of partially stabilised zirconia. Part III. Lubrication of frictional contact

Margielewski L.

Tribologia

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2011

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nr 1

101-116

EN

Lubrication properties of zinc di-n-alkyldithiophosphates (ZDTPs), zinc di(n-nonylphenyl)-dithiophosphate (MAP) and di(di-n-nonylphenyl) dithiophosphate (DAP) depend on the additive molecular structure and its solution concentration. The effectiveness of friction reduction increases with the increasing length of the hydrocarbon chain in the additive molecule and decreases with increasing sliding speed and load. Lubrication tests of ionic-ZrO2, partially stabilised by Y2O3 (PSZ) were performed with the use of a ball-disk tribometer at 25oC. The lubrication mechanism is discussed based on the Stribeck curve. The loads and sliding speed applications were increased so that the friction contacts ranged from hydrodynamic or mixed to boundary lubrication. The hydrodynamic and mixed regimes are extended with the reduction of the boundary lubrication of tested additives. Results of these lubrication experiments are closely related to the results of the adsorption data of additives on PSZ powder from n-decane solutions, particularly with additive surface layer structure as well as on the differential molar enthalpy of adsorption.

PL

Właściwości smarowe di-n-alkiloditiofosforanów cynku (ZDTP), di(mono-n-nonylo-fenylo)ditio-fosforanu cynku (MAP) i di(di-n-nonylofenylo)ditiofosforanu cyku (DAP) zależą od struktury cząsteczki dodatku i jego stężenia w roztworze. Efektywność obniżania tarcia wzrasta ze wzrostem długości łańcucha węglowodorowego cząsteczki dodatku i maleje ze wzrostem prędkością ślizgania i obciążenia. Testy smarowania jonowego ZrO2 częściowo stabilizowanego Y2O3 (PSZ) wykonany był na tribometrze kula-dysk w temperaturze 25°C. Mechanizm smarowania jest omawiany z wykorzystaniem krzywej Stribecka. Zastosowane obciążenia prędkości ślizgania wzrastały tak, że styki tarciowe były smarowane w zakresie od hydrodynamicznego, mieszanego do granicznego. Zakresy mieszanego i hydrodynamicznego smarowania zwiększają się ze zmniejszeniem zakresu smarowania granicznego w wyniku działania przeciw-tarciowego badanych dodatków. Uzyskane wyniki badań smarowania wykazują bliską zależność z wynikami adsorpcji dodatków na proszku PSZ z roztworów n-dekanowych, szczególnie od struktury powierzchniowej warstwy dodatków jak również od różnicowej cząsteczkowej entalpii adsorpcji.

17

Transgresja architektury w koncepcji dematerializacji i ruchu w architekturze

Berbesz A. M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2011

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R. 108, z. 4-A/2

30--36

PL

Transgresja, dematerializacja, ruch a architektura, kojarzona z obiektem materialnym, łączącym dzieło sztuki z użytecznością. Czy możliwe jest współdziałanie tych pojęć? Przemijanie tego co fizyczne pociąga twórców do przekraczania języka formy. Stąd próby zatarcia granic pomiędzy światem zewnętrznym, a wewnętrznym. Optycznego zamazania tego co materialne. Wprowadzenia relacji natura - obiekt architektoniczny. Czy taki zabieg przedłuży "architektoniczne trwanie" obiektu, czy jedynie sferę idei?

EN

Transgression, dematerialization, movement, yet architecture - combined with material object, which connects the work of arts with utility. Is the interaction of these concepts possible? Transience of the physical objects attracts artists to transcend the language of the forms. Hence the attempts to blur the boundaries between inner and outer world, and introduce the relationship nature - an architectural object.

18

A New Approach to the Concepts of Boundary and Contact: Toward an Alternative to Mereotopology

Breysse O., De Glas M.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2007

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Vol. 78, nr 2

217-238

EN

Mereotopology is a class of formal theories devoted to the analysis of spatiotemporal entities and their interactions. It has produced important advances in the analysis of natural language, naive geography and computer vision, illustrating a broad range of applications. However, it has been shown that the modelling of interactions between spatiotemporal entities with mereotopology can lead to unsolvable problems, including disconnectedness of the representation space as well as a mix-up of the relationships of contact and overlap. The origin of these problems, which fundamentally limit the usefulness of mereotopology, has not been fully identified. In this paper, we first formally demonstrate that these problems originate from the incompatibility of the concepts of boundary, continuity and contact within the framework of mereotopology, as suggested by previous studies. Secondly, we prove that this incompatibility stems from the formalization of these concepts through topology. We show that a solution can be found by substituting for topology an alternative theory, known as locology, which provides new mathematical tools for the modelling of spatiotemporal entities.

19

Three boundary value problems for second order differential inclusions in Banach spaces

Azzam D., Castaing C., Thibault L.

Control and Cybernetics

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2002

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Vol. 31, no 3

659-693

EN

The paper studies, in the context of Banach spaces, the problem of three boundary conditions for both second order differential inclusions and second order ordinary differential equations. The results are obtained in several new settings of Sobolev-type spaces involving Bochner and Pettis integrals. Some classes of second order multivalued evolution equations associated with m-accretive operators are also considered. Applications to some control problems are provided with the help of narrow convergence for Young measures.

20

Identyfikacja przestrzeni "pomiędzy", czy formy przenikania?

Pawłowski W., Szymski A.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2002

|

nr 1-2

8-12

EN

However occurrence of space "in-between" in architectonical assumptions can give a positive picture, in town-planning it is necessary to strive to dispose of such accidental and unwanted sets. It is essential to use tourist and natural values of suburban communes to create natural directions when shaping hiking and cycling tourist routes which originate in an urban structure fluently transforming in areas of a high landscape and natural values. In a similar way it is needed to shape development of building estate sets which should harmoniously connect a city with local terrain. Together with economical development of an urban center it is obvious that its borders will be submitted to changes. Former suburban areas will be imbided by the city organism, but the area mentioned earlier will not disappear but undergo displacement. Therefore the suburban landscape needs to be formed in such a way that it has a natural and coherent connection with suburban terrains. In such a way it will be possible to avoid town-planning chaos in a new city structure and gain an ordered spatial organism, which exposes landscape values, fluently changing from one set to another. Such effects are not possible to be gained without elaborating a common, uniform plan of development of the areas of an urban complex with suburban communities.