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2 Polish Journal of Ecology

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Expansion of Cold-Adapted Orchid Goodyera repens (Orchidaceae) in Times of Global Warming – Report from Southern Poland

Łazarski Grzegorz

Polish Journal of Ecology

2020

Vol. 68, nr 4

313--322

In Central Europe Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. is considered as species vulnerable to extinction, critically threatened, or even extinct, depending on the region. In recent years, this rare orchid clearly increases the number of sites within its natural range. The aim of the study is to present new data on the abundant occurrence of circum-boreal species in southern Poland (position of localities, the estimated number of specimens, habitat data) that indicate its ecological expansion. The localities of G. repens were described using the topogram method and then its distribution was shown using cartogram method. The study was conducted in the years 2010-2018 in the south-western part of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (S Poland) on the area of 337,5 km2. During the study the species was found for the first time on eleven localities. The largest populations were observed in secondary pine forests. The results of this study against the background of published data suggest the ecological expansion of the species in Poland, which is facilitated by the availability of suitable habitats. The expansion of this cold-adapted species is interesting in the context of the global warming.

Genetic Diversity of Orchid Malaxis monophyllos Over European Range as an Effect of Population Properties and Postglacial Colonization

Jermakowicz E., Brzosko E., Kotowicz J., Wróblewska A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2017

Vol. 65, nr 1

69--86

Malaxis monophyllos is a rare orchid with a fragmented boreal-montane distribution in Europe where it is associated with both natural swampy and anthropogenic habitats. We employed extensive sampling of M. monophyllos populations from different habitat types, over its whole European geographic range, to examine its genetic diversity patterns and phylogeographic structure using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Our results revealed the relatively low genetic diversity of M. monophyllos, with the effect of small population sizes and inbreeding as the driving forces operating within the European part of its range. The statistically highest values of genetic diversity were found in populations from the boreal region (average: percentage of polymorphic loci PPL3 = 21.6%, Nei's gene diversity Hj3 = 0.144, the rarity index DW3 = 1.34), while populations from mountainous regions were characterised by a reduced level of genetic diversity (e.g. an average for Alpine populations: PPL3 = 18.1%, Hj3 = 0.121, DW3 = 0.84) in comparison to boreal ones. Our results revealed that the newly established anthropogenic populations in the Polish uplands were probably founded from numerous external sources and should be considered a significant source of the species' genetic diversity. We also confirmed the low genetic differentiation among M. monophyllos populations (FST = 0.074), with the lack of distinguishable genetic clusters, that supports results about the multidirectional gene flow between M. monophyllos populations in Europe, and directed conservation efforts on conserving all suitable for this species habitats.