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1

Neurotoxicity of cyanobacterial toxins

Florczyk M., Łakomiak A., Woźny M., Brzuzan P.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2014

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Vol. 10, No. 1

26--43

EN

Eutrophication of marine and fresh waters can lead to excessive development of cyanobacterial blooms, which may contain strains that produce toxins. These toxins are secondary metabolites which can accumulate in the food chain and contaminate drinking water, thus posing a potential threat to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. These toxins include a variety of compounds with different mechanisms; this review focuses on the neurotoxicity of microcystin and other cyanotoxins. Although the hepatotoxic action of microcystins is commonly known, its neurotoxic effects have also been described, e.g. oxidative stress, cytoskeletal changes and changes in protein phosphatase activity. These effects have been partially explained by the discovery in the blood brain barrier of the same membrane transporters involved in microcystins hepatotoxic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper reviews other cyanotoxins that are known or suspected to target cholinergic synapses and voltage gated channels, including anatoxin a, anatoxin a(s), antillatoxins, cylindrospermopsin, homoanatoxin a, jamaicamide, kalkitoxin and saxitoxins. The neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the cyanotoxins discussed here are of particular interest because of their pharmacological potential. This review also discusses the potential of these compounds to serve as drugs for cancer and central nervous system failure.

2

Skuteczność mikrocedzenia w usuwaniu fitoplanktonu oraz wybranych zanieczyszczeń chemicznych z wody powierzchniowej

Grochowiecka W., Świderska-Bróż M., Wolska M.

Ochrona Środowiska

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2009

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Vol. 31, nr 2

25-30

PL

Przedstawiono problematykę zakwitu glonów w wodzie powierzchniowej ujmowanej do celów wodociągowych oraz wyniki badań skuteczności procesu mikrocedzenia wody charakteryzującej się dużą liczbą mikroorganizmów fitoplanktonowych, w szczególności sinic, zielenic i okrzemek. Ujmowana woda charakteryzowała się ponadto dużą intensywnością barwy, mętnością i zawartością związków organicznych mierzonych jako OWO. Wykazano, że mikrocedzenie skutecznie zmniejszało liczbę organizmów fitoplanktonowych w wodzie, przy czym skuteczność tego procesu była zależna od rodzaju i liczebności mikroorganizmów w ujmowanej wodzie. Usunięcie sinic było równoznaczne ze zmniejszeniem stężenia wewnątrzkomórkowej mikrocystyny LR. Dodatkowo w wyniku mikrocedzenia stwierdzono zmniejszenie mętności wody (do 82%), intensywności barwy (do 40,8%) i zawartości OWO (do 17,8%) oraz natlenienie wody i nieznaczne zwiększenie pH. Skuteczność usuwania mikroorganizmów wpłynęła również na usuwanie zanieczyszczeń zaadsorbowanych na powierzchni komórek mikroorganizmów. Wykazano, że mikrocedzenie nie wpłynęło natomiast w istotny sposób na zawartość zanieczyszczeń nieorganicznych w wodzie (NH4+, NO3-, PO43-). Badania wykazały, że zastosowanie bezreagentowego procesu mikrocedzenia do wstępnego oczyszczania wody zawierającej glony jest uzasadnione, ponieważ zmniejsza ilość prekursorów ubocznych produktów utleniania oraz zapotrzebowanie na reagenty chemiczne, a także ogranicza skalę problemów technologicznych i eksploatacyjnych w dalszych etapach oczyszczania wody.

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of the micro-sieve process when used for the treatment of blooming surface water which is taken in for municipal supply. The water is characterized by a large number of phytoplankton organisms, specifically blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) and diatoms, as well as by a high colored matter content, a high turbidity, and a high content of organic compounds expressed as TOC. The research has produced the following findings. The micro-sieve process efficiently reduced the number of the phytoplankton organisms, and the extent of removal depended on the type and number of the microorganisms that were present in the water being treated. The removal of cyanobacteria accounted for the reduction in the concentration of microcistine LR. In addition, the micro-sieve process brought about a reduction in turbidity (to 82%), color intensity (to 40.8%) and TOC concentration (to 17.8%), as well as contributed to the oxygenation of the water and a slight increase in the pH. The efficiency with which the microorganisms were removed had an influence on the removal of the pollutants adsorbed on their surfaces. The micro-sieve process failed to exert a substantial effect on the content of inorganic pollutants (NH4+, NO3-, PO43-). The study has demonstrated that the application of the micro-sieve process without reagents to the pretreatment of algae-containing surface water is justified; it not only decreases the quantity of the precursors of oxidation by-products and reduces the demand for chemical reagents, but also diminishes the scale of technological and operating problems that are to be coped with at further stages of the water treatment process.

3

Wybór badań toksykologicznych na podstawie hydrobiologicznej analizy sinic na ujęciach wody

Piontek M., Grochowiecka W.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2008

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T. 87, nr 5

546-550

4

Rewitalizacja zbiornika Zemborzyckiego w Lublinie

Stani Marian

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

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2005

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T. 1

177--182

PL

Zalew Zemborzycki jest płytkim zbiornikiem zaporowym, wybudowanym na południowych obrzeżach miasta Lublina, na rzece Bystrzycy w 1975 r. Przy normalnym poziomie piętrzenia posiada on powierzchnię 280 ha i średnią głębokość 2,5 m. W 2003 r. stwierdzono masowe występowanie w wodach Zalewu sinic, które produkują uciążliwe toksyny. Stężenie ich było niebezpieczne zarówno dla ludzi korzystających ze zbiornika, jak i dla fauny. Wydano decyzję o nieprzydatności wody Zalewu do kąpieli. W 2004 roku opracowano długofalowy program naprawczy stanu ekologicznego zbiornika. W roku 2005 zbiornik zarybiono rybami drapieżnymi, wykonano sztuczne tarliska oraz zbudowano barierę biologiczną, złożoną z kęp roślinności szuwarowej umieszczonej na plastikowych pływakach, rozmieszczonych wokół terenu przeznaczonego do kąpieli. Rozpoczęto również prace nad zwiększeniem powierzchni strefy szuwarowej przy wybranych odcinkach brzegów zbiornika. Na widzialną poprawę staniu ekologicznego Zalewu trzeba będzie jednak poczekać kilka lat.

EN

The Zemborzyce Reservoir in Lublin is a shallow dam basin, built in the southern suburbs of Lublin, on the Bystrzyca river, in 1975. By normal dam level it has the water surface of 280 ha and the average depth of 2.5 metres. In 2003 in the Reservoir's waters one stated a massive occurrence of blue - green algae, the producers of harmful toxins. The concentration of them reached the degree which posed a danger to the Reservoir's users as well as to its fauna. A decision to ban bathing in Reservoir's water was given officially. In 2004, a long-term improvement programme was elaborated. In 2005 the Reservoir was stocked with fry of predatory fish. Artificial spawning sites and the biological barrier, made from waterside plants located on the plastic floats, were realised. The efforts to enlarge the water surface covered by waterside plants in some sectors of the coast have been already made. The improvement of the Reservoir's ecological state will be visible in several years' time.

5

Qualitative and quantitative changes of blue-green algae in response to physicochemical water parameters in the urban Lake Jeziorak Mały

Zębek E.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2005

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Vol. 34, No.1

39--56

EN

The study was conducted on net phytoplankton in the urban Lake Jeziorak Mały (Masurian Lakeland) in 1998. The blue-green algae community was dominated by the species - Planktolyngbya brevicellularis, Limnothrix redekei, and Aphanizomenon gracile. The relationships between selected physicochemical water parameters and the numbers of blue-green algae were analyzed. The correlation coefficients of water temperature and blue-green alga abundance were statistically significant, while those of electrolytic conductivity and alga were negative. There was no correlation between the orthophosphate concentration and the blue-green alga count. Increases in the numbers of Planktolyngbya brevicellularis were observed in the widest temperature range (160C-260C), whereas Limnothrix redekei developed in a temperature range of 190C-220C, and Aphanizomenon gracile in a range of 200C-220C.

6

Annual succession patterns of blue-green algae as related to physicochemical water parameters in the urban Lake Jeziorak Mały in the 1998 - 2003 period

Zębek E.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2005

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Vol. 34, No.4

33--46

EN

Studies on net phytoplankton were conducted in the urban Lake Jeziorak Mały (Mazurian Lakeland) in the 1998-2003 period. Changes in the numbers of blue-green algae were analyzed in the annual cycle with respect to water temperature and orthophosphate concentration. An increase in water temperature above 13oC was followed by an increase in the population density of bluegreens. Two abundance peaks of blue-green algae were recorded in the summers of 1998, 1999, and 2002 and one in the summers of 2000, 2001, and 2003. The coefficient of correlation between water temperature and the occurrence of blue-greens was statistically significant, but no statistically significant correlation was found between orthophosphate concentration and the abundance of blue-green algae. From May to August, under conditions of the domination of bluegreen algae (over 50% of the total phytoplankton biomass) and water temperature exceeding 19oC, this correlation was negative and statistically significant. This suggests that over this period the blue-greens could contribute to reducing the concentration of orthophosphates in the water.

7

Predictional model of biocenotic changes in offshore baltic plankton due to temperature increase

Pliński M., Żmijewska M. I., Sapota M., Witek B., Mudrak S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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Vol. 32, No. 3

29-41

EN

Over the last 20 years, more and more reliable data concerning global climate change, mainly climate warming, have become available in the literature. Change such as this has also been documented in the Gulf of Gdańsk. Climate change has an influence on aquatic ecosystems and especially their biocoenoses, and plankton is one of its most sensitive ecological fractions. Positive and negative statistical correlation in the exclusive relationship between the quantity of plankton groups and water temperature has been observed. When time was applied as a factor, only the annual increments of the blue-green algae correlation were statistically significant, and the regression equation calculated in this paper was applied to predict a rise in the population number of this algae in response to increasing temperature. It was not possible to perform this calculation with the other plankton components.

8

Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the inner Neva Estuary in the 1980s and 1990s

Nikulina V. N.

Oceanologia

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2003

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No. 45 (1)

25-39

EN

The phytoplankton in the inner Neva Estuary is described from data obtained from 1996 to 2000. The seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton biomass are characterized by a bimodal curve with a summer maximum. The average seasonal biomass was approximately 3 mg l-1, the maximum biomass was 8-11 mg l-1. The species composition and quantitative parameters were compared to those observed in the 1980s. A notable, nearly 1.5-2 fold, increase in the biomass in the summer-autumn period and the predominance of Oscillatoria species among the blue-green algae were observed. A decline in the nutrient load in the water body at the end of the 1990s appeared to be insufficient to bring about a decrease in the proportion of Oscillatoria algae in the total species composition or a decline in the biomass of the entire phytoplankton community. In 2000 a certain change in the structural composition of the phytoplankton complex was noted. Species that had been predominant in the 1980s and had lost their advantage in the early 1990s, regained their earlier status.

9

Effect of salinity, temperature and light on growth of Anabaena flos-aquae and Nostoc sp. div. (cyanobacteria, blue-green algae)

Pliński M., Dziopa M.

Oceanological Studies

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2001

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Vol. 30, No. 1-2

13-19

EN

Two species of blue-green algae have been studied under laboratory conditions in several combinations of salinity (0, 8, 16, 24 PSU), light (20, 70, 120, 170 μE m^-2 s^-1) and temperature (20, 25, 30, 35 °C). Temperature within the range of 30-35 °C and light intensity of 170 μE m^-2 s^-1 were the optimum to achieve a maximum growth effect in the two species examined. Salinity as an environmental factor showed that these two tested species are fresh water in origin with some tolerance to increased salinity concentration. The best growth rate for Anabaena flos-aquae was stated in 0 PSU medium for all temperature and light conditions. For Nostoc sp. div. medium with 8 PSU was the optimum one.

10

Influence of selected abiotic factors on the decomposition of chlorophylls

Kowalewska G., Szymczak M.

Oceanologia

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2001

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No. 43 (3)

315-328

EN

The paper presents the results of experiments to determine the influence of selected physico-chemical factors - oxygen, visible light and temperature - on the decomposition of (1) chlorophylls a, b and c, chlorophyll a derivatives and beta-carotene in acetone solution, and (2) chlorophyll a and beta-carotene in axenic cultures of the blue-green algae Anabaena variabilis. The results indicate that both in acetone extracts and in blue-green algae cultures these pigments were most sensitive to light and oxygen; temperatures of up to 25oC had no marked influence on these compounds. Under anoxia in acetone solution, the stability towards light decreased in the order chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophylls c. Chlorophyll a, moreover, was less stable than its derivatives - phaeophorbides, phaeophytins, pyrophaeophytins and steryl chlorins - but more stable than beta-carotene, in the last case also in the blue-green algae cultures. Decomposition of all the pigments proceeded mainly via the breakdown of the porphyrin macrocycle, since the decomposition products were not detected in the VIS range. On the basis of these experiments one can state that while light and oxygen may have a decisive direct influence on the distribution of chlorophylls and beta-carotene in sediments, in the natural environment, temperatures of up to 25oC may have very little immediate effect.

11

Chromium and phosphorus removal by blue-green algae Spirulina

Chojnacka K., Noworyta A.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2000

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Vol. 2, nr 2

4-7

EN

Chromium (III) and (VI), as well as phosphorus uptake from aqueous solutions by viable Spirulina, a prokaryotic algae, was tested under laboratory conditions as a function of time and initial chromium and phosphorus concentration. Effluent treatment efficiency of effluents containing chromium and phosphorus was evaluated and the results were compared with parameters given by law standards. Heavy metals removal by Spirulina spp. occurs on highly developed surface area and metal transport into the cell interior as well as by metabolic activity. A feature supporting wastewater treatment is the ability of organic compounds degradation and phosphorus, as well as nitrogen compounds removal. Chemical and thermal biomass analysis shows a real basis for Spirulina ash, containing up to 25% of chromium application in chromium compounds production process. Laboratory results show that Spirulina biomass provides enough energy for the process to be cost satisfactory. The paper is an approach toward Spirulina involved industrial wastewater treatment technology.

12

Temperature and N:P ratio as factors causing blooms of blue-green algae in the Gulf of Gdańsk

Pliński M., Jóźwiak T.

Oceanologia

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1999

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No. 41 (1)

73-80

EN

The bloom dynamics of two planktonic, nitrogen-fixing species of blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs and Nodularia spumigena Mertens in the Gulf of Gdansk were studied. The Gulf of Gdansk is a shallow part of the Baltic Sea where the water has a mean salinity of ca 8 PSU. Increased riverine nutrient input and/or changes in the N:P ratio are indicated as factors causing blue-green algae blooms. A low N:P ratio appears to trigger blooms. The mean annual value of N:P in the Gulf of Gdansk since 1981 is 6.5 with a minimum of ca 3. There could be a link between temperature and the year-to-year differences in bloom intensities. A huge bloom of toxic N. spumigena was reported in July 1994 when the water temperature rose to 22oC.

13

Water temperature of the littoral zone during the domination of the blue-green algae Planktothrix agardhii and Limnothrix redeckei in the composition of phytoplankton in the polytrophic lake Jeziorak Mały

Zębek E.

Oceanological Studies

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1998

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Vol. 27, No. 1

53-59

EN

Studies were carried out on net phytoplankton of an urban Lake Jeziorak Mały, Mazurian Lakeland. Samples collected in 1996 showed domination of blue-green algae(67% of the total phytoplankton number). Limnothrix redeckei and Plankto-thrix agardhii were particularly abundant. The measurement of the water temperature during the mass occurrence of these species revealed, that Limnothrix redeckei dominated at 180C and Planktothrix agardhii at 200C.

14

Occurrence of blue-green algae in the phytoplankton of the Gulf of Gdansk in the years 1994-1997

Witek B., Pliński M.

Oceanological Studies

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1998

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Vol. 27, No. 3

77-82

EN

The development of the blue-green algae in the Gulf of Gdansk begins in May and lasts till October. To the stable compo-nents of the filamentous forms belong Aphanizomenon-flos aquae, Nodularia spumigena, Planktolynbya limnetica, Pseudanabaena limnetica and Planktothrix sp. The coccoid forms are represented by Snowella septentrionalis, S. lacustris, Merismopedia punctata, M. tenuissima, Woronichinia compacta, Rabdogloea linearis, Cyanodictyon imper,fectum, C.planctonicum. In the years 1992 and 1993 the openwater area of the Gulf of Gdansk was characterised by the summer (July) domination of two species of blue-green algae: Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. The presence of Nodularia spumigena was also noticed. In 1994, the extremely dense bloom of Nodularia spumigena occurred with the biomass increase to 130 mgŠCŠ m^3. The intensity of this bloom could be linked to temperature which in summer 1994 was very high and reached over 22?C. In the years 1996 and 1997, temperature did not attained so high values and the intensity of blooms was lower.

15

Dynamics of blue-green algae development in Sulejów dam reservoir

Galicka W., Lesiak T., Rakowska B.

Oceanological Studies

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1998

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Vol. 27, No. 1

21-26

EN

Phytoplankton of Sulejow Reservoir was investigated in 1979-1993. Over that period, blue-green algae were usually a constant component of phytoplankton. Their percentage in the total phytoplankton biomass widely varied both from season to season and from year to year. Maximum values were noted in summer, although sometimes a shift of peak development toward spring or even winter was observed. The development was not uniform in the whole area of the reservoir; blue-green algae dominated in the middle and downstream, that is in the deepest parts of the reservoir. The main components of phytoplankton included Microcystis aeruginosa Kţtz. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs.

16

Blue-green algae blooms in the Gulf of Gdańsk and surrounding area

Pliński M., Musiał A., Ostrowski B.

Oceanological Studies

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1998

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Vol. 27, No. 1

39-44

EN

The phenomenon of blue-green algae blooms in the Baltic and the surrounding freshwater bodies has been known since several years. Recently these blooms have increased. The negative effects of this phenomenon concern not only environ-ment but also pose epidemiological threats because some blue-green algae produce toxins. The presence of potential toxic blue-green algae species in the Gulf of Gdaąsk as well in the whole southern Baltic has been noticed for almost hundred years. In the recent years, when water temperature reached more than 18?C, the rapid growth of Nodularia spumigena has been observed. In the year 1994, the huge bloom with toxic features of this species has been noticed. With less intensity such a bloom appeared also in 1996. Since several years Anabaena flos-aquae blooms in the Vistula Lagoon and Microcystis flos-aquae in many lakes in the Kashubian Lakeland.

17

Blooms of Cyanophyta in Siemianówka dam reservoir in the first years after filling

Grabowska M.

Oceanological Studies

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1998

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Vol. 27, No. 1

27-31

EN

The biomass and species composition of blue-green algae in a new lowland dam reservoir was analysed from 4th till 6th year after filling. In summer, the massive abundance biomass of blue-green algae (0.93 mg dm^3 on average, max. 6.92 mg dm^3), chiefly of the genera Aphanizomenon, Microcystis and Anabaena causes the high trophy level in the reservoir, de-creasing water quality and aesthetic values of the studied water body. The conditions, which favour the development of blue-green algae, are mainly the result of the natural traits of water in the peat-forest catchment basin.