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Materiał dźwiękowy wspierający przygotowanie się osób z dysfunkcją wzroku do udania się w nieznane im środowisko

Młyński Rafał, Kozłowski Emil

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2023

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nr 1

18-22

PL

W Polsce liczba osób z dysfunkcjami wzroku (uszkodzeniami i chorobami narządu wzroku), w tym osób z niepełnosprawnościami prawnymi oraz deklarujących ograniczenia w wykonywaniu normalnych czynności, stanowi aż 1/3 ogółu ludności. Powszechnie wiadomo, że słuch odgrywa ważną rolę w funkcjonowaniu osób z niepełnosprawnością narządu wzroku. Jednocześnie osoby te często boją się opuścić znane im otoczenie, np. własne domy. Istotnym wsparciem osób z niepełnosprawnością narządu wzroku byłaby możliwość zapoznania się z takimi dźwiękami, które mogą napotkać w środowisku zewnętrznym. W toku badań w CIOP-PIB zebrano zestaw dźwięków, które mogą być wykorzystane przez osoby z niepełnosprawnością narządu wzroku do zapoznania się z otoczeniem, do którego potencjalnie mogą się udać. Dźwięki nagrywano z wykorzystaniem techniki ambisonicznej oraz binauralnie za pomocą mikrofonów wbudowanych w zestaw słuchawkowy. Rozwiązania te pozwoliły na uzyskanie wrażenia przestrzennego związanego z prawidłowym kierunkiem docierania dźwięku. Materiał dźwiękowy obejmuje szereg sytuacji, w których osoba z niepełnosprawnością narządu wzroku może się znaleźć, i zawiera dźwięki zarejestrowane nie tylko w domu, lecz także np. w pobliżu skrzyżowań czy w budynkach biurowych. Dokonano niezbędnych konwersji danych w celu uzyskania plików w formacie, który można odtwarzać na słuchawkach podłączonych do komputera. Pozyskane dane przeznaczone są do wykorzystania w oprogramowaniu służącym do zapoznania osób z niepełnosprawnością narządu wzroku z potencjalnie nowymi dla nich.

EN

In Poland, the number of people with visual impairment (damage and disease of the visual organ), including legal disabilities and those who declare that they have limitations in carrying out normal activities is 1/3 of the total population. It is well known that the hearing plays an important role in the functioning of people with visual impairment. At the same time, these people are often afraid of leaving their well-known environment, such as their homes. It would be important for people with visual impairment to become familiar with surrounding sounds that they might encounter in an external environment. During the research carried out in CIOP-PIB a set of sounds has been collected that can be used by people with visual impairment to familiarize with the environment to which they can potentially go. The Ambisonics technique was used and sounds were binaurally recorded with the use of microphones built into the headset. These solutions allowed to obtain the spatial impression associated with the correct direction of the sound. The audio material includes a number of situations in which a person with a visual impairment could potentially be found, recorded not only at home but also, for example, near junctions or in office buildings. Necessary data conversions were used to obtain files in a format that could be played back over headphones connected to a PC. The data obtained is intended for use in the software familiarizing people with visual impairment with potentially new situations for them.

2

Review of Methodologies in Recent Research of Human Echolocation

Bujacz Michał, Sztyler Bartłomiej, Wileńska Natalia, Czajkowska Karolina, Strumiłło Paweł

Archives of Acoustics

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2023

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Vol. 48, No. 2

249--271

EN

The presented review discusses recent research on human echolocation by blind and sighted subjects, aiming to classify and evaluate the methodologies most commonly used when testing active echolocation methods. Most of the reviewed studies compared small groups of both blind and sighted volunteers, although one in four studies used sighted testers only. The most common trial procedure was for volunteers to detect or localize static obstacles, e.g., discs, boards, or walls at distances ranging from a few centimeters to several meters. Other tasks also included comparing or categorizing objects. Few studies utilized walking in real or virtual environments. Most trials were conducted in natural acoustic conditions, as subjects are marginally less likely to correctly echolocate in anechoic or acoustically dampened rooms. Aside from live echolocation tests, other methodologies included the use of binaural recordings, artificial echoes or rendered virtual audio. The sounds most frequently used in the tests were natural sounds such as the palatal mouth click and finger snapping. Several studies have focused on the use of artificially generated sounds, such as noise or synthetic clicks. A promising conclusion from all the reviewed studies is that both blind and sighted persons can efficiently learn echolocation.

3

Comparison of echolocation abilities of blind and normally sighted humans using different source sounds

Bujacz Michał, Skulimowski Piotr, Królak Aleksandra, Sztyler Bartłomiej, Strumiłło Paweł

Vibrations in Physical Systems

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2022

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Vol. 33, nr 2

art. no. 2022213

EN

The ability of some humans to echolocate has become widely known primarily due to a small number of famous expert echolocators who are capable of extraordinary feats. However, a lesser-known fact is that all humans exhibit this skill unconsciously and can learn it relatively quickly and implicitly through repeated practice. In our experiments we tested groups of 12 blind and 14 sighted untrained participants in a simple echolocation test - localizing a 1m x 2m vertical wall at distances between 1 and 3 meters using 10 different types of sounds as the source signals for the echolocation attempts. There were significant differences between the participant groups and between some of the tested sounds. Although the groups were small, a clear difference was also observed between the experienced totally blind participants and the legally blind visually impaired participants that had residual light sensitivity. From the compared sounds 3 kHz and 4 kHz synthetic percussion sounds, pink and blue noise were among the sources that led to the highest chances of correctly guessing the obstacle’s direction and distance.

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Sonification: Review of Auditory Display Solutions in Electronic Travel Aids for the Blind

Bujacz M., Strumiłło P.

Archives of Acoustics

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2016

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Vol. 41, No. 3

401--414

EN

Sonification is defined as presentation of information by means of non-speech audio. In assistive technologies for the blind, sonification is most often used in electronic travel aids (ETAs) – devices which aid in independent mobility through obstacle detection or help in orientation and navigation. The presented review contains an authored classification of various sonification schemes implemented in the most widely known ETAs. The review covers both those commercially available and those in various stages of research, according to the input used, level of signal processing algorithm used and sonification methods. Additionally, a sonification approach developed in the Naviton project is presented. The prototype utilizes stereovision scene reconstruction, obstacle and surface segmentation and spatial HRTF filtered audio with discrete musical sounds and was successfully tested in a pilot study with blind volunteers in a controlled environment, allowing to localize and navigate around obstacles.

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Automatic graph cut based segmentation of retinal optic disc by incorporating blood vessel compensation

Salazar-Gonzalez A., Li Y, Liu X.

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research

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2012

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Vol. 2, No. 3

235--245

EN

Glaucoma is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide. Periodical retinal screening is highly recommended in order to detect any sign of the disease and apply the appropriated treatment. Different systems for the analysis of retinal images have been designed in order to assist this process. The segmentation of the optic disc is an important step in the development of a retinal screening system. In this paper we present an unsupervised method for the segmentation of the optic disc. The main obstruction in the optic disc segmentation process is the presence of blood vessels breaking the continuity of the object. While many other methods have addressed this problem trying to eliminate the vessels, we have incorporated the blood vessel information into our formulation. The blood vessels inside of the optic disc are used to give continuity to the object to segment. Our approach is based on the graph cut technique, where the graph is constructed by considering the relationship between neighbouring pixels and by the likelihood of them belonging to the foreground and background from prior information. Our method was tested on two public datasets, DIARETDB1 and DRIVE. The performance of our method was measured by calculating the overlapping ratio (Oratio), sensitivity and the mean absolute distance (MAD) with respect to the manually labeled images.

6

Systemy teleinformatyczne i urządzenia elektroniczne dla niewidomych

Strumiłło P., Materka A.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

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2011

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nr 8-9

710-712

PL

Podjęto problematykę projektowania i konstruowania urządzeń wspomagających osoby z niepełnosprawnością wzroku. Dokonano przeglądu nowoczesnych urządzeń elektronicznych oraz systemów teleinformatycznych nawigacji osobistej w terenie miejskim.

EN

The paper concerns with the design and construction of technical aids for visually impaired people and covers a review of teleinformatic systems and electronic devices for personal navigation in urban area.

7

Informatics in the service of visually disabled children

Koziak L.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Mechanika

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2008

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R. 105, z. 3-M

121-128

EN

The progress in modern technologies in the area of information and communication has an influence on institutions and individuals. At schools, informatics may be helpful to blind children in the form of numerous teaching aids. For blind children, the computer is an excellent didactic aid which stimulates their development. Computer programs create a natural potential for individualization of the learning process, diversified depending on the child's predispositions and degree of development, and the type and degree of sight damage.

PL

Postęp nowoczesnych technologii w obszarze informatyki i komunikacji ma wpływ na instytucje i jednostki. W szkole informatyka może być pomocna niewidomym dzieciom poprzez różnego rodzaju środki dydaktyczne. Dla niewidomych dzieci komputer jest doskonałym środkiem dydaktycznym, który stymuluje ich rozwój. Programy komputerowe tworzą naturalne możliwości dla indywidualizacji procesu nauczania, dostosowują zakres do poziomu rozwoju dziecka i stopnia utraty wzroku.