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Próba oceny przydatności małży z gatunku Unio tumidus do monitorowania obecności związków żelaza w wodzie

Chmist J., Szoszkiewicz K.

Ochrona Środowiska

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2017

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Vol. 39, nr 2

39--43

EN

Monitoring of changes in behavioral response of bivalve mollusks can provide a wealth of information on quality of water that could be used in a surveillance system. The aim of this research was to evaluate suitability of Unio tumidus bivalve mollusks as bioindicators of water quality in a surveillance system. The experiment involved a 72-hour observation of the mollusks behavior in tap water containing about 0.04 mgFe/dm3 (almost no iron ions), 0.2 mgFe/dm3 (limit value for drinking water) and 1.7 mgFe/dm3 (average iron ion content for the deep sea). Three behavioral variables considered were: time of activity (time period of water filtering activity), average shell opening degree and its frequency. It was determined that presence of iron ions exceeding the threshold value reduced daily activity time by 5 hours, while the shell opening degree – by over 20%. Variations in frequency of the shell movements were not observed, which might indicate no iron ion impact on the nervous system of the individuals tested. Similarly, lethal states were not demonstrated, even at the relatively high iron concentrations in water. Results of the research conducted demonstrate that the bivalves Unio tumidus may be employed in tap water surveillance system for detection of water contamination with iron compounds.

PL

Obserwacja zmian zachowań małży może dostarczyć wielu informacji dotyczących jakości wody, które można wykorzystać w systemie monitoringu. W pracy podjęto próbę oceny możliwości zastosowania małży z gatunku Unio tumidus w monitoringu wody przeznaczonej do spożycia w celu detekcji nadmiernej ilości związków żelaza. Eksperyment polegał na 72-godzinnej obserwacji zachowania małży w wodzie wodociągowej o zawartości jonów żelaza około 0,04 mgFe/dm3 (praktyczny brak jonów żelaza w wodzie) oraz 0,2 mgFe/dm3 (wartość dopuszczalna w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia) i 1,7 mgFe/dm3 (średnia zawartość jonów żelaza w wodach głębinowych). Ocenie poddano trzy elementy zachowania małży – czas ich aktywności (czas, w którym małże filtrowały wodę) oraz częstość i średni stopień otwarcia muszli. Stwierdzono, że obecność jonów żelaza w wodzie w ilości przekraczającej wartość dopuszczalną skróciła łączny czas aktywności małż w ciągu doby o 5 godzin i zmniejszyła stopień otwarcia muszli o ponad 20%. Nie zaobserwowano zróżnicowania częstości zmian otwarcia muszli małży, co świadczy o braku oddziaływania jonów żelaza na układ nerwowy badanych osobników. Stwierdzono także brak stanów letalnych u małży, nawet przy stosunkowo dużej ilości żelaza w wodzie. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że małże z gatunku Unio tumidus można wykorzystywać w monitoringu wody wodociągowej do detekcji jej zanieczyszczenia związkami żelaza.

2

Palaeolatitudinal gradients along the southeastern Palaeo-Pacific margin and the distribution of Early Jurassic bivalves

Damborenea S. E., Echevarria J.

Volumina Jurassica

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2015

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Vol. 13, no. 1

3--16

EN

Presence-absence bivalve species data for each Early Jurassic stage along southeastern South America between 20 and 46°S present-day latitude were processed by a set of analytical methods to analyse the palaeolatitudinal patterns of diversity and distribution. The expected decrease in species diversity towards higher latitudes is punctuated by a consistent local diversity increase between 34 and 42°, especially evident during Pliensbachian and Toarcian times, which may be due to an abrupt change in palaeogeography at that latitude, coinciding with the Curicó direct connection to the open ocean and the establishment of an increased variety of habitats within the extensive Neuquén Basin. The proportions of systematic groups show relative increases towards both higher latitudes (Crassatelloidea, Nuculanoidea, Pectinoidea, Monotoidea, Inoceramoidea) and lower latitudes (Trigonioidea, Pholadomyoidea, Limoidea, Lucinoidea). Epifaunal bivalves were dominant during the Hettangian but by Pliensbachian–Toarcian times they were less common than infaunal ones, while semi-infaunal species had low diversities during the whole Early Jurassic. This study suggests that (a) large scale geographical conditions should be taken into account for the analysis of latitudinal diversity trends among benthonic faunas; and (b) latitudinal trends of some living bivalve lineages may have a longer and more complex history than previously thought.

3

The late Silurian-Middle Devonian long-term eustatic cycle as a possible control on the global generic diversity dynamics of bivalves and gastropods

Ruban Dmitry A.

Geologos

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2013

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Vol. 19, No. 3

193--200

EN

A long-term eustatic cycle (fall and subsequent rise of the global sea level) embraced the late Silurian-Middle Devonian time interval. Potentially, these sea-level changes could drive global biodiversity. The stratigraphic ranges of 204 bivalve genera and 279 gastropod genera included into the famous Sepkoski database allow reconstructing changes in the total diversity and the number of originations and extinctions of these important groups of marine benthic macro- -invertebrates during this interval. None of the recorded parameters coincided with the long-term global sea-level cycle. It cannot be not excluded, however, that the global sea-level changes did not affect the regions favourable for bivalve and gastropod radiation because of regional tectonic mechanisms; neither can it be excluded that the eustatic control persisted together with many other extrinsic and intrinsic controls. Interestingly, the generic diversity of gastropods increased together with a cooling trend, and vice versa. Additionally, the Ludlow, Eifelian, and Givetian biotic crises affected, probably, both fossil groups under study. There was also a coincidence of the relatively high bivalve generic diversity, initial radiation of gastropods and the entire biota, and the diversification of brachiopods with the Early Devonian global sea-level lowstand, and this may be interpreted as evidence of a certain eustatic control on the marine biodiversity.

4

Faunal dynamics of bivalves and scaphopods in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) ore-bearing clays at Gnaszyn, Kraków-Silesia Homocline, Poland

Kaim A., Sztajner P.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2012

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Vol. 62, no. 3

381-395

EN

The environment at the Gnaszyn section - as deduced from bivalve and scaphopod dynamics - was controlled by the substrate consistency and possibly oxygen deficiency near the sediment-water interface and/or oxygen content fluctuations. The middle part of the section dominated by nuculoid and corbulid bivalves and Laevidentalium-type scaphopods probably reflects a soupy substrate and possibly oxygen deficiency in the sediment. Slightly coarser and better-oxygenated silts in the upper and lower parts of the section offered a less soupy substrate consistency, allowing the development of communities dominated by astartids, byssate bivalves, and Dentalium- and Plagioglypta-type scaphopods.

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Bivalves from the Middle Miocene reefs of Poland and Ukraine : A new approach to Badenian/Sarmatian boundary in the Paratethys

Studencka B., Jasionowski M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2011

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Vol. 61, no. 1

79-114

EN

The Late Badenian coralline algae-vermetid reefs and the Early Sarmatian serpulid-microbialite reefs distributed widely in the northeastern and eastern borders of the Carpathian Foredeep Basin contain an excellent bivalve record and show how the bivalve faunas reflected the temporary closure of seaways between the Paratethys and the Mediterranean around 13.3 Ma. within the Late Badenian reefs, 116 bivalve species and three bivalve associations are recognized. After a dramatic change of environmental factors, the Early Sarmatian reefs hosted 12 bivalve species, grouped in four associations. These are thought to have been controlled largely by salinity and to represent decreased and/or fluctuating salinity regimes. An integrated approach, using benthic fauna, sedimentological and isotope data, enabled interpretation of the origin of the serpulid-microbialite reefs. The changes in the palaeogeography of the Paratethys and sea-level oscillations around the Badenian/Sarmatian boundary played an important role in the distribution, extinction and radiation of the bivalves. The definitive closure of the extensive seaway connecting the Paratethys with the Mediterranean caused not only severe extinction of the bivalves inhabiting the sandy facies during the Late Badenian but also the sudden evolution and dispersal of a few opportunistic species that were ancestral forms to Sarmatian taxa. The composition of the bivalve assemblages and the ecological requirements of particular species prove the mixo-mesohaline character of the Sarmatian Sea (30-18[per-mille]) and indicate an eastward decrease in salinity.

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Stratigraphic evidence of a Late Maeotian (Late Miocene) punctuated transgression in the Tanais Palaeobay (northern part of the Eastern Paratethys, South-West Russia)

Ruban Dmitry A.

Geologos

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2010

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Vol. 16, No. 3

169--181

EN

The Tanais Palaeobay was located in the northern periphery of the eastern Paratethys Sea during the Late Miocene. New data from the Safianovo section (Rostov Dome, South-West of Russia) confirm that skeletal limestones (coquinites) of the Merzhanovskaja Formation belong to the Congeria (Andrusoviconcha) amygdaloides navicula Zone of the upper Upper Maeotian (the Maeotian is a regional chronostratigraphic unit of the Upper Miocene). Correlation of reference sections of these Upper Maeotian deposits within the Rostov Dome results in pattern of the palaeobay transgression, which was punctuated. The relative importance of local and global controls on this trangsression is not yet clear.

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Fauna z osadów plejstoceńskich w stanowiskach Sucha Wieś (Pojezierze Ełckie) i Czarnucha (Równina Augustowska), północno-wschodnia Polska

Skompski S.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2009

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nr 435

85--95

PL

Do badań faunistycznych wykorzystano próbki osadów pobranych z otworu wiertniczego Sucha Wieś (Pojezierze Ełckie) z głębokości 153,60-178,00 m oraz z otworu wiertniczego Czarnucha (Równina Augustowska) z głębokości 96,05-118,85 m. Z badanej serii osadów jeziorno-bagiennych opisano szczątki różnych grup zwierząt: ślimaków (Gastropoda), małży (Bivalvia), małżoraczków (Ostrazoda), ryb (Pisces), chrząszczy (Coleoptera) i innych. Do określenia wieku osadów, szczególnie przydatne okazały się mięczaki (ślimaki i małże) oraz małżoraczki. Na podstawie obecności ślimaka Lithoglyphus jahni oraz małżoraczka Scottia browniana uznano, że osady nie mogą być młodsze od interglacjału mazowieckiego.

EN

Samples collected from the Sucha Wieś borehole (Ełk Lakeland) from a depth interval of 153.60-178.00 and from the Czarnucha borehole (Augustów Plain) from a depth interval of 96.05-118.85 m were analysed for faunal content. The lacustrine-marsh deposits contain fragments of various animals including gastropods, bivalves, ostracods, fish, Coleoptera and others. Especially important for age determinations are moluscs (gastropods and bivalves) and ostracods. The presence of Lithoglyphus jahni (gastropod) and Scottia browniana (ostracod) indicates that the deposits cannot be younger than the Mazovian Interglacial.

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Invertebrate trace fossil assemblages from the Lower Hettangian of Sołtyków, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Pieńkowski G., Niedźwiedzki G.

Volumina Jurassica

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2008

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Vol. 6, no. 1

109--132

EN

Invertebrate trace fossil assemblages from the Hettangian (Early Jurassic) alluvial plain deposits of Sołtyków (Holy Cross Mts, Poland) represent three terrestrial ichnofacies: the Mermia ichnofacies (entirely aquatic), Scoyenia ichnofacies, and Coprinisphaera ichnofacies. They span environments from shallow lacustrine to different subaerial fluvial environments. Bivalve burrows and traces, oligochaetae, insect and crayfishes burrows, plant roots, vertebrate tracks and other types of trace fossils record information on biodiversity and palaeoecological conditions. The Sołtykow ichnoassemblages confirm that terrestrial ichnocoenoses were quite diversified, chiefly a result of a changing water table and food availability. Diversity of trace fossils was supported by the strongly mosaic character of local environments. Bivalve burrows are very diversified, and several ichnogenera have been distinguished. Trace fossil producers as well as functional, taphonomic and preservational aspects of ichnofossils are discussed. The following ichnotaxa have been recognized: Lockeia siliquaria James, 1879; L. amygdaloides (Seilacher, 1953); L. czarnockii (Karaszewski, 1974); Scalichnus isp.; Scoyenia isp.; Spongeliomorpha isp.; Spongeliomorpha carlsbergi (Bromley and Asgaard, 1979); Cruziana problematica (Schindewolf, 1921); cf. Cruziana isp.; Rusophycus isp.; Diplichnites isp.; cf. Kouphichnium sp.; Planolites isp.; Palaeophycus isp.; Cochlichnus isp.; cf. Helminthoidichnites isp.; cf. Xylonichnus isp., and Linckichnus terebrans Schlirf, 2006. Various structures attributed to arthropod burrows (vertical to subvertical tunnels), chambered insect nests of Pallichnidae affinity or other nests with septa, earthworm burrows as well as enigmatic radial chambers, likely made by crayfishes, are illustrated. The new bivalve dwelling ichnotaxon Calceoformites uchmani igen. et isp. n. is described.

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A new Lower Coniacian fauna from the Jerzmanice Zdrój region of the North Sudetic Basin, SW Poland

Chrząstek A.

Geologia Sudetica

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2008

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Vol. 40

33-50

EN

This paper describes and interprets a newly discovered Lower Coniacian (lower Upper Cretaceous) macro- and micro- fossil fauna (vertebrate and invertebrate remains) from sedimentary rocks of the Jerzmanice Zdrój region of the North Sudetic Basin of SW Poland. Several inoceramid bivalve taxa that previously were only known from other parts of the North Sudetic Basin were recovered from light grey, marly sandstones of Early Coniacian age. A fragment of ammonite was also discovered, as was a shark's tooth from the family Cretoxyrhinidae: this may be Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz, 1843, a species not hitherto known from the Lower Coniacian (Emscherian sensu Scupin (1912-13)) of the North Sudetic Basin. Abundant foraminifers were observed in thin sections. The newly discovered inoceramid bivalves - Cremnoceramus deformis erectus Meek, 1877, Cremnoceramus waltersdorfensis waltersdorfensis Andert, 1911 and Inoceramus lusatiae Andert, 1911 - fit into the current biostratigraphic scheme for the region. The inoceramids can all be assigned to the Cremnoceramus deformis erectus Zone, which correlates with the Gavelinella moniliformis foraminiferal Zone and thereby confirms an Early Coniacian age. The Turonian-Coniacian boundary in the North Sudetic Basin can now be placed between the respective inoceramid zones of Inoceramus costellatus Woods, 1912 (actually Mytiloides costellatus Woods, 1912) and Inoceramus schloenbachi Böhm, 1911 (actually Cremnoceramus crassus crassus Petrascheck, 1903). The macrofossils found in the Jerzmanice section suggest that the host sediments were laid down in a Late Cretaceous epicontinental basin, under the North Sudetic Sea, that had deepened during the Early Coniacian. This interpretation agrees with the global bathymetric curve for the Late Cretaceous in Europe.

10

The Triassic-Jurassic transition in Asturias (northern Spain): ammonoids, bivalves and palynomorphs

Barrón E., Gómez J., Goy A., Márquez-Aliaga A.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

275-276

EN

A study of the Triassic/Jurassic transition in Asturias (northern Spain) was performed studying 5 surface sections and 2 boreholes (Fig. 1). Four lithological units were differentiated and correlated. The lower unit is composed of lutites and evaporites (equivalent to the Upper Triassic Keuper facies). The middle unit, which contains the Triassic/Jurassic boundary, corresponds to the well-bedded carbonates of the Solis Member of the Gijon Formation (Fig. 2). The upper unit (Barzana Member) is composed of lutites, evaporites and carbonates. The Fabares Member, overlying or representing a time equivalent of the Barzana Member is composed of a carbonate breccia with a lutitic matrix, formed by the dissolution and the collapse of the Barzana Member. The finding of ammonoids and bivalves in the Solis Member allowed refinement of the biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of the Rhaetian and the Hettangian. Among the ammonoids, the record of an (?)Arcestidae (Rhaetian) and several Psiloceras (such as Caloceras pirondii (Reyn?s) of the Hettangian, Planorbis Zone, in the upper part of the Solís Member can be stand out. The dominant Rhaetian bivalves are Isocyprina concentrica and Bakevellia praecursor, which together with Isocyprina ewaldi, "Pteromorphus" elongatus, Pteromya longportensis, "Placunopsis" cf. alpina, Modiolus minimus and Paleocardita cf. austriaca, represent a similar assemblage to that found in the Westbury and Lilstok formations of the Late Rhaetian age of the UK. The Hettangian bivalves are represented by the widely distributed species Pteromya tatei, associated with Cuneigervillia rhombica, Parallelodon hettangiensis and Eomiodos menkei. This assemblage is known in the Hettangian Planorbis Zone of France and Germany. The palynological study allowed identification of 20 spores taxa, 24 pollen taxa, 1 acritarch, 2 prasinophytes and 2 dinoflagellate cyst. Three palynological assemblages (PA) have been distinguished. PA1 is typically Rhaetian and corresponds to the Rhaetipollis germanicus Zone. It is characterized by the presence of Corollina meyeriana, Rhaetipollis germanicus, Ovalipollis pseudoalatus and Tsugaepollenites pseudomassulae. PA2, identified in the Solis Member, is dominated by Corollina pollen grains together with a few spores taxa, acritachs and prasinophytes and can be Rhaetian and/or Hettangian in age. PA3 represented in the upper part of Solis Member and in the Barzana Member contains Hettangian pollen assemblages characterized by Corollina meyeriana, C. torosa, Kraeuselisporites reissingeri, Ischyosporites variegatus and Cerebropollenites thiergartii. Both PA2 and PA3 can be related to the Kraeuselisporites reissingeri Zone. The palynology of the Asturian sections can reasonably be correlated with that of St. Audrie's Bay (UK).

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Protecting the Jurassic invertebrate collections in the museums: the “Museo Geominero” (Geo-mining Museum, IGME, Spain)

Delvene G., Melendez G., Menendez S.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

251-251

EN

The "Museo Geominero" ("Geo-mining Museum", Madrid) is one of the best examples of geological museums in Spain, promoting the protection conservation, as well as social and educational diffusion of geological and palaeontological heritage. As a research institution the museum contains a large number of geological and palaeontological samples with a great heritage value. The origin of the Museum collections were the samples collected by geologists and mining engineers of the so-called: "Comision del Mapa Geologico de Espana" (Commission for the Geological Map of Spain) created by Queen Elizabeth II in 1849. The collections, hence, came from many successive missions carried out by researchers of the "Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana" (IGME) during the last 150 years in all Spain. At the moment, the permanent palaeontological exhibitions comprise the following collections: Spanish fossil invertebrates and flora, Spanish vertebrate fossils, foreign fossils and invertebrate taxonomy. Within the Jurassic invertebrate collections housed in the museum, representatives of Bivalvia (Mollusca) are the most significant group in both abundance and diversity. A still ongoing taxonomic review of the collections shows a total number of 44,307 specimens. The number of Jurassic elements is 5858. The bivalve collections comprise 810 specimens from Spain, 161 specimens from elsewhere in Europe and 25 specimens of uncertain origin, included in the collection of invertebrate taxonomy. Heritage value is underlined by the presence of many specimens from classical outcrops known since 1850. Most of them come from well-known Lower Jurassic outcrops in the Iberian Range: Anchuela del Campo, Maranchon (province of Guadalajara), Albarracin (province of Teruel) and Barahona (province of Soria). The origin of the samples of Guadalajara is very old: some of them were collected by the eminent scientists Lucas Mallada (1850-1885) and Jose de la Revilla (1955, 1959). Spanish Jurassic bivalve collections clearly reflect the rich palaeontological heritage of the country, according to bibliographic and recent field data. On the other hand, the bulk of the specimens from foreign fossil collections come from France, and are housed in the Museum since 1950. As a public research institution the collections are totally available to the members of scientific community. The taxonomic review of these collections has increased their heritage value. Almost all samples were collected and housed in the building before 1985, i.e. the year of the approval of the National Historical Heritage Law, hence forming a rich and diverse collection, representative of all areas of Iberia, despite their geographic origin and location still uncertain. This is a point of utmost importance today, since at the present moment it would be practically impossible to do so, due to the serious limitations to fossil collection imposed to researchers by the new heritage laws appeared in the autonomous communities of Spain.

12

Toarcian, Aalenian and Early Bajocian (Jurassic) ammonite faunas and biostratigraphy in the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the Tatra Mts, West Carpathians

Myczyński R.

Studia Geologica Polonica

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2004

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Vol. 123

7-131

EN

The ammonite faunas here described were derived from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) and Lower Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) strata of the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the Lower Subtatric Succession, Polish Tatra Mts (West Carpathians). The ammonites belong to the families: Phyllo- ceratidae, Lytoceratidae, Hildoceratidae, Graphoceratidae, Hammatoceratidae, Sonniniidae, Otoiti- dae and Stephanoceratidae. The associated bivalve faunule is represented by the families Inocera- midae and ?Posidoniidae. Stratigraphic evaluation of the ammonite assemblages helped to redefine age ranges of some lithostratigraphic units in the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the Lower Subtatric Succession, Tatra Mts.

13

Revision of stratigraphic ranges of selected invertebrate taxa from the Muschelkalk in Silesia

Niedźwiedzki R.

Geological Quarterly

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2002

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Vol. 46, No 2

219-234

EN

New occurrences of some invertebrates in the Silesian Muschelkalk are presented, hanging the stratigraphic ranges of these taxa, especially in the Dziewkowice Formation. 13 taxa have been found for the first time in this formation or had their stratigraphic ranges revised in the last two decades.

14

Can molluscs be bioindicators of heavy metal contamination of the Zegrzyński reservoir (central Poland)?

Jurkiewicz-Karnkowska E.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2000

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Vol. 7, nr 10

1067-1076

EN

The work presented evaluation of the possibility of molluscs application in bioindication of the Zegrzyński Reservoir contamination with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb and Cd). Correlations ofthe concentration ofthese metais in molluscs and other elements of the investigated ecosystem wece carried out. Molluscs reflected the Cu concentration in the environment better than Zn, Mn and Zn. Numerous statistically significant correlations of non-essential metailevel, especially Pb, in molluscs and in different elements of the reservoir ecosystem wece found. Investigated molluscs seem to be useful in bioindication ofthe reservoir contamination particularly with Pb and Cu.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie możliwości zastosowania mięczaków w bioindykacji zanieczyszczenia Zbiornika Zegrzyńskiego metalami ciężkimi (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb i Cd) na podstawie korelacji między stężeniami tych pierwiastków w mięczakach i innych elementach badanego ekosystemu. Spośród analizowanych metali biofilnych mięczaki odzwierciedlały w największym stopniu stężenie Cu w środowisku. Liczne istotne statystycznie korelacje między poziomem metali ksenobiotycznych, szczególnie Pb, w mięczakach i różnych elementach ekosystemu zbiornika wskazują na możliwości wykorzystania badanych gatunków mięczaków w bioindykacji skażenia Zbiornika Zegrzyńskiego tymi pierwiastkami. Uzyskane wyniki powinny być zweryfikowane na podstawie większej liczby danych.

15

The occurrence of Balanus improvisus Darwin on Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret and other bivalves in the Polish zone of the Baltic [commun.]

Olszewska A.

Oceanologia

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1999

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No. 41 (4)

609-612

EN

Balanus improvisus Darwin has been found to occur on the shells of the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret near Redlowo. This is the first report of such an observation from the Baltic Sea.

16

Remarks on Miocene bivalve zonation in the Polish part of the Carpathian Foredeep

Studencka B.

Kwartalnik Geologiczny

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1999

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Vol. 43, Nr 4

467-477

EN

Middle Miocene (Badenian and Sarmatian) bivalve faunas from the Carpathian Foredeep in Poland were analysed in order to determine their potential stratigraphic importance. The study revealed that selected pectinid species are useful to characterize the Badenian substages, but that comparison of pectinid assemblages from Poland and Hungary indicates that subdivision of the Badenian based on pectinids holds true only within individual basins of the Central Paratethys. On the other hand, the strong similarity of the Polish Sarmatian bivalve assemblages to assemblages from other basins of the Fore-Carpathian part as well as from the Euxino-Caspian part of the Paratethyan Province makes the molluscan biozonation of the Eastern Paratethys valid for Poland.

PL

Małże, mimo iż swą wiodącą rolę w stratygrafii miocenu utraciły na rzecz organizmów planktonicznych, wciąż są niezwykle ważne w rozpoziomowaniu osadów powstałych w epikontynentalnych basenach Paratetydy, Przedyskutowano rolę zespołów małżowych w charakteryzowaniu poszczególnych podpięter badenu i sarmatu. Badaniom porównawczym poddano zespoły przegrzebków pochodzące z 5 stanowisk dolnego badenu i 10 stanowisk górnego badenu oraz zespoły małżowe z 5 stanowisk sarmatu polskiej części zapadliska przedkarpackiego. Spośród 5 poziomów zespołów przegrzebków wyróżnionych w osadach miocenu Węgier został stwierdzony tylko poziom Flabellipecten besseri. Diachroniczne pojawianie się przegrzebków i ich ograniczone rozprzestrzenienie wewnątrz Paratetydy Środkowej uniemożliwia wydzielenie w obrębie polskiego badenu dwóch podpoziomów: Pecten revolutus Chlamys elegans i Pecten aduncus-Flabellipecten leythajanus, proponowanych dla badenu Węgier. Zespół przegrzebków z badenu Polski obejmuje 29 gatunków; występowanie 11 gatunków ograniczone jest do dolnego badenu. Dla górnego badenu gatunkami charakterystycznymi są: Aequipecten malvinae, Aequipecten elegans, Flexopecten lilii i Flexopecten scissus. Gatunki z rodzaju Flexopecten wraz z Palliolum bittneri datują najwyższy baden facji basenowej. Datowanie klastycznych osadów sarmatu możliwe jest natomiast dzięki obecności w analizowanych zespołach małżowych gatunków z rodzaju Plicatiforma. W stratygraficznym podziale sarmatu proponowanym przez E. Kojumdziewą i in. (1988) w sarmacie dolnym (wołynie) wyróżniono dwa poziomy współwystępowania: dolny Mactra eichwaldi-Plicatiforma praeplicata pseudoplicata i górny Mactra eichwaldi-Plicatiforma plicara. Skład taksonomiczny zespołów z Bożykowej, Suskrajowic i Śladkowa Małego jest typowy dla poziomu dolnego, podczas gdy obecność gatunku indeksowego Plicatiforma plicata w zespole ze Źrecza jednoznacznie wskazuje na poziom górny. Najmłodsze osady sarmackie datowane na późny wołyn/wczesny bessarab pochodzą z otworu wiertniczego Jamnica S-119 (głęb. 65,0-67,5 m). Brak gatunków indeksowych uniemożliwia dokładne podanie poziomu.