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1

Exploring the Impact of Reclaimed Water on Latin America's Development

Félix-López Miryam, Ormaza-Murillo María, Álvarez-Santana Carmita, Banchon Carlos

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

157--173

EN

This review examines the economic impact of Latin American regulations, strategies, and community involvement in mitigating the detrimental effects of mismanaged municipal domestic wastewater on public health, safety, and the economy. A systematic review and meta-analysis are conducted to assess the economic potential of reclaimed water in the region, utilizing various data sources and methodologies. The findings reveal that Latin America faces challenges in wastewater treatment, regulation, and resource management, affecting the market potential of reclaimed water. However, resource recovery initiatives present economic opportunities, including cost reduction, agricultural growth, energy recovery, and resource reuse.The study also highlights the lack of sanitation and waste- water treatment coverage data in many Latin American countries. By examining the commercial possibilities, regulatory frameworks, and environmental benefits of reclaimed water, this research provides valuable insights for sustainable water management and resource recovery policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. Furthermore, it emphasizes the economic advantages of utilizing reclaimed water and biosolids in Latin America, advocating for the implementation of strong regulations and policies to promote job creation and economic growth.

2

Proximate Analysis and Calorific Value of Pellets in Biosolid Combined with Wood Waste Biomass

Sukarta I. N., Sastrawidana I. D. K., Ayuni N. P. S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 3

185--190

EN

In this study, biosolid and wood waste biomass were used as fuel by turning them into fuel pellets. The purpose of making fuel pellets with various compositions was to compare the type of biosolid pellets and wood waste in terms of proximate testing. The benefits of making biosolid pellets can reduce the landfill waste that contributes to the environmental pollution. The results of this research showed the highest water content that is equal to 10.07% was found in the wood waste pellets with the composition of (90:10; the highest ash content, amounting to 33.19% was found in the pellets with the composition of (50:50); the highest value of volatile substances (74.05%) was contained in pellets with the composition (90:10); the highest value of solid carbon (10.13%) was found in the pellets with the composition of (80:20) Meanwhile, the highest calorific value was exhibited by the pellets with the composition of wood waste and biosolid (90:10), equalling 3.822 cal/g.

3

Gravimetric Evolution During Sewage Sludge Biostabilization

Posligua P., Peñaherrera M., Villegas E., Banchón C.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 5

76--85

EN

Sewage sludge is a by-product in the wastewater treatment and is an inherent hazardous issue because of the pathogenic contamination of natural resources. Therefore, in this study, domestic sludge was treated with premontane forest soil, macronutrients, and also pasteurization to reduce the content of volatile solids and pathogens. The best biostabilization treatment using premontane forest soil and pasteurization obtained a volatile solids reduction of 87% according to the environmental regulations, in which a biosolid is stable in a range of 38% of volatile solids reduction. In less than 30 days in a mesophilic range, the coliform count was reduced up to 71% when using forest soil and pasteurization. Thus, a biosolid-class B was obtained using gravimetric means as a platform to promote fast quality control.

4

Wpływ nawożenia osadem ściekowym i bioodpadami na zawartość metali ciężkich w nasionach gorczycy białej

Wołejko E., Wydro U., Łazowska M., Kazanowska J., Jabłońska-Trypuć A., Łoboda T.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 3

122--128

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena wpływu nawożenia osadem ściekowym oraz bioodpadami na zawartość metali ciężkich w nasionach gorczycy białej (Sinapis alba). Badania prowadzone były w 2012 r na poletkach doświadczalnych PWSZ w Suwałkach. Każdą z powierzchni badawczych podzielono na 3 bloki o powierzchni 18 m2 każdy, stanowiące kolejne powtórzenia. Do nawożenia obiektów badawczych zastosowano trzy różne warianty nawozowe: K1 – osad ściekowy, K2 – osad ściekowy poddany procesowi kompostowania wraz z trzymiesięcznym kompostem odpadów organicznych i K3 – osad ściekowy poddany procesowi kompostowania wraz z trzymiesięcznym kompostem odpadów organicznych z preparatem biologicznym Trigger-4. Określono podstawowe właściwości fizykochemiczne, mikrobiologiczne i parazytologiczne osadów ściekowych, zgodnie z wymogami Rozporządzenia Ministra Środowiska z dnia 13 lipca 2010 r. Dz.U. 2010 nr 137 poz. 924 w sprawie komunalnych osadów ściekowych. W ziarnach gorczycy rosnącej na poszczególnych wariantach nawozowych oznaczono zawartość metali ciężkich takich jak Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników stwierdzono, że zawartości kadmu w nasionach gorczycy wahała się od 0,20 mg/kg s.m. w wariancie K3 do 0,93 mg/kg s.m. w wariancie K1. Z kolei zawartość ołowiu mieściła się w granicach od 0,30 do 4,25 mg/kg s.m., co oznacza że żadna z analizowanych próbek nie spełnia normy zawartości ołowiu i kadmu zawartej w rozporządzeniu Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 13 stycznia 2003 r. Przeprowadzona analiza statystyczna wykazała, że zawartość ogólna Cd w ziarnie gorczycy była istotnie ujemnie skorelowana z zawartością Ni i Zn (odpowiednio, r = -0,89 i r = -0,54) przy p ≤ 0,05. Zaobserwowano również istotną dodatnią korelację pomiędzy odczynem gleby a zawartością metali w nasionach gorczycy. Wartość pH była istotnie skorelowana z Ni (r = 0,60) i Zn (r = 0,55) przy p ≤ 0,05.

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the inﬂuence of fertilization with sewage sludge and biosolids on heavy metal content in white mustard (Sinapis alba) seeds. The study was conducted in 2012 on experimental plots in the State Higher Vocational School in Suwałki. Each research area was divided into 3 blocks 18 m 2 each, constituting repetitions. The test areas were fertilized with three diﬀerent fertilization variants with sewage sludge biosolids: K1 – sewage sludge, K2 – sludge subjected to a process of composting with a three-month compost organic waste and K3 – sludge subjected to the composting process with a three-month compost organic waste from the biological preparation Trigger – 4. The samples of sewage sludge were collected for the analysis and one determined its basic physical, chemical, microbiological and parasitological properties, in accordance with the requirements of the Decree of the Minister of the Environment of July 13th 2010 on municipal sewage sludge (Journal of Laws of 2010 No 137 item. 924). Based on these results, it was found that the cadmium concentrations in the seeds mustard ranged from 0.2 mg/kg s.m. on plots with the variant K3 to 0.93 mg/kg s.m. in the variant K1. On the other hand, lead content ranged from 0.3 to 4.25 mg/kg s.m. which shows that none of the analyzed samples met the standards for lead and cadmium contained in the Decree of the Minister of Health of January 13th 2003. The statistical analysis indicated that the concentrations of Cd in mustard seed was significantly correlated with the concentrations of Ni and Zn (respectively, r = -0.89 and r = -0.54). There were significant positive correlations between soil pH and metal concentrations in the seeds of mustard. The pH was significantly correlated with Ni (r = 0.60) and Zn (r = 0.55) at a p ≤ 0.05.

5

Analiza toksycznego wpływu ścieków pochodzących z produkcji obwodów drukowanych na osad czynny z komunalnej oczyszczalni ścieków

Głodniok M., Zdebik D., Thomas M., Zawartka P.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2016

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T. 95, nr 7

1304--1309

PL

Przeanalizowano toksyczny wpływ ścieków z produkcji PCB na stan osadu czynnego z biologicznej oczyszczalni ścieków. Zbadano również wpływ roztworów wodnych CuSO4, NiCl2 i SnSO4 na inhibicję aktywności oddechowej osadu czynnego. Najsilniejszy efekt toksyczny powodujący zahamowanie aktywności oddechowej mikroorganizmów osadu czynnego zaobserwowano w przypadku roztworów zawierających jony miedzi.

EN

The title wastewaters and aq. CuSO4, NiCl2 and SnSO4 solns. were studied for toxicity against an aerated activated sludge by respirometry to det. their inhibition degree. The highest inhibition degree (near 100%) was obsd. for Cu-contg. solns.

6

Chemofitostabilizacja gleby zanieczyszczonej kadmem, cynkiem i ołowiem

Grobelak A., Kacprzak M., Grosser A., Napora A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1982--2002

EN

Assisted phytostabilisation involves the use of plants and soil additives for physical stabilization of the soil and chemical immobilization of contaminants. This technique aims to establish a vegetation cover with metal-tolerant plants and thus reduce leaching of metals. The main aim is to reduce the risk of incorporation of metal into the food chain. In the conducted experiment contaminated soil was collected from the area surrounding a zinc smelter in Miasteczko Slaskie, in the Silesia region of Poland. Soil in the study area has been contaminated with metals, especially Cd, Pb and Zn. Moreover, soils of the study area are also acidified. The role of sewage sludge and inorganic amendments as an immobilising agents in the attenuating phytostabilisation of metal-contaminated soil was evaluated using grass species Festucaarundinacea Schreb. The biosolid used was anaerobically digested sewage sludge, collected from the industrial waste water treatment plant and juices manufacturer (food industry). The soil was mixed with sewage sludge (sewage sludge accounted for 1and 3% of dry weight), lime and inorganic fertilizers (potassium phosphate, TSP at 0.8% each). A plant growth experiment was conducted in a growth chamber for 10 weeks. The plants were grown under artificial conditions, suitable for proper growth of plants. Plants growing on amended soil were devoid of any macroscopic symptoms of metal toxicity or nutrient deficiency, in contrast to plants grown on non-amended soil, where growth was inhibited and some phytotoxic effects were observed. For amended soil, plant growth was most likely influenced by improved soil conditions due to nutrient-rich amendments and metals immobilisation. Mobile fractions of metals decreased in amended soil, and the same pattern was observed for metal concentrations in plant tissues. However, the best results were obtained for the variants of combined application of sewage sludge and inorganic amendments. All investigated metals accumulated mainly in root tissues in combination with sewage sludge application. A significant reduction in metal uptake by plants was achieved after sewage sludge application, which is attributed to decreased bioavailability and the stabilisation of metals in soil. In the experiment the introduction of soil liming treatment allowed to maintain the pH at a constant level after 10 weeks of the experiment (5.5–7) (Fig. 1). The K5-K10 variants achieved a significant reduction in bioavailable forms (0.01 M CaCl2 extraction). In a study of biomass (Fig. 3) the highest yield (5.5 g DM) was obtained for the combined use of a combination of potassium and phosphate deposits and combinations of superphosphate and combined use of sewage sludge (2.5 g DM/pot). The highest immobilization effects were obtained for combined application of sewage sludge, lime fertilizer and superphosphate or potassium phosphate as compared to other options. The highest degree of immobilization of three tested heavy metals: cadmium, zinc and lead was obtained only with the application of sewage sludge and mineral amendments at a dose of TW +FP 0.8% + 1% d.m. sewage sludge. Effective process of chemophytostabilisation with the use of grass and organic additive and inorganic additives in situ sandy areas and heavily contaminated with heavy metals, can be obtained solely with the combined use of investigated additives and treatment.

7

Phytoremediation of nitroglycerin in smokeless powders

Asbaghi N., Pichtel J.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2012

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Vol. 8, No. 2

45--54

EN

The reported study evaluated the feasibility of rhizosphereenhanced phytoremediation in the removal of nitroglycerin (NG), as applied in commercial smokeless powder (SP), from soil. Double base smokeless powder was applied to soil mesocosms at rates of 0, 1, 5 and 10% (w/w). The mesocosms were seeded with oats (Avena sativa) or planted with live sedge plants (Carex vulpinoidea). Composted biosolids (20% w/w) were used as a soil treatment. Mesocosms were sampled at 7, 14, 30, and 60 days after initial planting. Determination of residual soil NG was performed using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Both plant species were capable of modest NG uptake (146.0 and 87.5mg·kg-1 for sedge and oat, respectively at the 10% SP rate). Only modest quantities of NG removal were accounted for by abiotic processes such as soil sorption. Soil bacterial numbers remained relatively constant regardless of rate of SP application. Microbial activity in the plant rhizosphere was concluded to be the major contributor to NG solubilization and decomposition. Addition of composted biosolids to soil imparted a positive effect in NG decomposition and/or removal from soil. Additional study is needed to determine long-term decomposition of smokeless powder and subsequent NG reactions in soil.

8

Metale śladowe w komunalnych osadach ściekowych wytwarzanych w Polsce

Siebielec G., Stuczyński T.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2008

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Vol. 2, No. 2

479--484

PL

W ostatnich latach nastąpił wzrost liczby oczyszczalni w Polsce - w następstwie doszło do znacznego wzrostu ilości osadów produkowanych przez komunalne oczyszczalnie ścieków. Jedną z metod przyrodniczego zagospodarowania osadów ściekowych może być ich zastosowanie w rolnictwie do celów nawozowych lub do rekultywacji pod warunkiem, że ich stosowanie będzie bezpieczne dla środowiska glebowego. Ilość osadów wykorzystywanych do celów nawozowych i rekultywacji jest w Polsce niewielka w porównaniu z innymi krajami Unii Europejskiej i USA. Kontrowersje związane z szerszym stosowaniem osadów dotyczą głównie obecności zanieczyszczeń w osadach ściekowych, w tym metali śladowych. Celem badań było rozpoznanie poziomu zanieczyszczenia metalami aktualnie wytwarzanych w Polsce osadów ściekowych. Zawartość metali śladowych w osadach była oceniana w odniesieniu do obowiązujących przepisów regulujących przyrodnicze stosowanie osadów ściekowych oraz ryzyka związanego z wprowadzeniem osadów do środowiska glebowego. W ramach badań przeprowadzono charakterystykę właściwości fizykochemicznych 60 osadów, reprezentatywnych dla róŜnych procesów technologicznych oczyszczania ścieków, wielkości miasta i geograficznego położenia. Badania zawartości pierwiastków śladowych w osadach ściekowych obejmowały całkowitą zawartość następujących pierwiastków: kadmu, cynku, ołowiu, miedzi, niklu i chromu. Ponadto oznaczono: zawartość materii organicznej i jej cechy jakościowe, odczyn, całkowitą zawartość makroelementów oraz pojemność sorpcyjną osadów ściekowych. Wśród metali śladowych największą zmiennością charakteryzowały się zawartości kadmu, chromu i niklu. Trzydzieści pięć spośród 60 osadów spełniało normy zawartości metali śladowych dla stosowania w rolnictwie, co stanowi 58% wszystkich osadów. Spośród analizowanych metali najwięcej przekroczeń dopuszczalnej zawartości odnotowano w przypadku cynku i kadmu. Ocena rozkładu zawartości poszczególnych metali w osadach wskazuje na wzbogacenie osadów śląskich w kadm i ołów w porównaniu z pozostałym obszarem kraju, w przypadku pozostałych metali brak jest istotnych różnic.

EN

The recent increase of a number of wastewater treatment plants along with improvement of cleaning technology has led to an increase of amount of municipal biosolids produced in Poland. The amount of biosolids used in Poland in agriculture or for reclamation purposes is significantly lower than in US or in most EU countries. A limitation for a wider use of biosolids are controversies related to presence of contaminants in biosolids, including trace metals. The work was designed to recognize a level of metals in biosolids presently generated in Poland. Metal contents were assessed in relation to present thresholds and potential risk related to biosolids introduction to soil environment. The work covered a group of 60 biosolids representing different technologies of water cleaning, municipality size and geographic location. Among trace metals cadmium, chromium and nickel contents were the most diversified. Thirty five from 60 analyzed biosolids met all metal content thresholds (58 percent of all biosolids) for agricultural use of biosolids. The highest number of threshold exceedance was observed for zinc and cadmium. Biosolids representing industrial region of Upper Silesia had elevated contents of lead and cadmium comparing with a reference group od biosolids. There were no significant differences in terms of content of other metals between these two groups of biosolids.

9

Technika dezintegracji ultradźwiękowej w technologii ścieków i osadów ściekowych

Wolny L., Kamizela T.

Ekologia i Technika

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2003

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R. 11, nr 1

3-7

EN

With the higher standards of wastewater treatment and sewage sludge utilization the higher requirements for effectiveness of employed processes are also set. Further more, the quantity and the characteristics of sewage sludge and particularly the presence of questionable sludge (i.e. floating, bulking activated sludge, municipal-industrial mixed sludge) cause significant problems connected with costs and conditions of utilization. In the paper the possibility of ultrasounds application in environmental engineering is presented. The ultrasonic disintegration technique can be described as an agent facilitating sewage sludge sedimentation, thickening, stabilization and dewatering. However, the direct application of ultrasounds depends on physical parameters of ultrasonic waves. The increase in effectiveness of the different stages of sewage treatment with ultrasonic field application requires laboratory analysis. With the reference to the available knowledge and research experience, the ultrasonic technique was feasible to employ. According to the literature cited in the paper, the application of ultrasounds in environmental engineering is implemented in sewage sludge treatment and utilization. The equipment and parameters for application of ultrasounds are already known in order to design equipment for industrial purposes and carry out pilot tests.