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EN
A rapid design and verification of sigma delta modulators are presented at the systemlevel with high accuracy and computational efficiency. Sigma delta analog to digital converters showcased an excellent choice for low bandwidth applications from near DC tohigh bandwidth standard 5G applications. The conceptualization of the graphical userinterface (GUI) in the efficient selection of integrator weights has been proposed, whichsolves various tradeoffs between various abstraction levels. The sigma delta modulator of the 5th order is designed and simulated using the proposed design methodology of calculating integrator weights for targeted specifications. The efficiency of design explorationand optimum selection of integrator coefficients has been investigated on single loop architectures. Power and performance of the selected modulator has been verified in the timedomain behavioral simulation. The discrete time circuit technique has been adopted fordesign of distributed feedback, feed forward architectures and comparison of performancemetrics done between selected architectures. A huge design space is computed for the bestdesign parameters that offers ultra-low power and high performance. The proposed virtual instruments supported the methodology for designing delta sigma modulators at thesystem level achieving SNDR of 122 dB over a bandwidth of 5 kHz at a clock frequencyof 1 MHz.
EN
Today, the use of magnesium alloys in medical applications as a decomposing material is extensive, so a new magnesium alloy Mg-2Al-1Nd was prepared by an investment-casting method in a medium protected from atmospheric oxygen. One of the rare elements, Nd, was added to improve the microstructural and mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in simulated blood plasma media. The XRF test determined the chemical characterization elements, the SEM test was used to identify the distribution of phases and their shape inside the base before and after heat treatment, and the XRD test was conducted to determine the type of phases that formed and the effect of these phases on other properties was studied. Also, hardness was measured using Vickers microhardness, in which the improvement rate was 75%, and a compression test to determine the mechanical properties of the prepared alloy found that the modulus of elasticity was 42GPa.To study its corrosive behavior inside the human body, a test was conducted on corrosion by the Tafel method to measure corrosion resistance in simulated blood plasma solution, Where the value of the corrosion rate of the alloy after the heat treatment became 0.089mm/y and Rp equal 4.13KΩ/cm2, These results made the new magnesium alloy a good candidate for use in temporary medical applications.
3
Content available remote Zastosowania wybranych metali w przyrządach do monitorowania kultur in vitro
PL
W pracy opisany został problem związany z wysokimi nakładami koniecznymi do prowadzenia badań medyczno- -biologicznych. Zaproponowano możliwość zastosowania niestandardowych rozwiązań poprawiających efektywność kosztową prowadzenia eksperymentów in vitro metodą pomiaru impedancji elektrycznej. Opisano opracowane matryce z elektrodami wykonanych z różnych materiałów do pomiaru impedancji elektrycznej komórek in vitro. Pomiary przeprowadzono wykorzystując komórki mysich fibroblastów L929 z użyciem płytek z elektrodami z Cu, Ti, NiCr i Ni. Posłużyły one do oceny wpływu danego materiału na hodowlę komórek i próbę określenia możliwości ich zastosowania w eksperymentach medyczno-biologicznych.
EN
The paper describes the problem related to the high costs necessary to conduct medical and biological research. The possibility of using non-standard solutions improving the cost-effectiveness of conducting in vitro experiments using the electrical impedance measurement method was proposed. The developed matrices with electrodes made of various materials for the in vitro measurement of cell electrical impedance are described. Measurements were performed using mouse L929 fibroblast cells using plates with Cu, Ti, NiCr and Ni electrodes. They were used to assess the effect of a given material on cell culture and to attempt to determine the possibility of their use in medical and biological experiments.
PL
Do eksperymentu użyto stopu tytanu Ti13Nb13Zr, który ze względu na swój skład chemiczny i właściwości mechaniczne stanowi materiał do zastosowań w inżynierii medycznej. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu stopowania laserowego stopu Ti13Nb13Zr z powłoką z wielościennych nanorurek węglowych na jego właściwości mechaniczne (chropowatość, nanotwardość, moduł Younga). Do wytworzenia powłoki węglowej wykorzystano metodę osadzania elektroforetycznego (EDP). Modyfikację laserową przeprowadzono przy użyciu impulsowego lasera Nd:YAG. Zastosowano moc impulsu 800 W i czas impulsu 0,5 ms oraz 1 ms. Właściwości mechaniczne zmierzono za pomocą nanoindentera, zaś chropowatość z użyciem mikroskopu sił atomowych (AFM). Zastosowanie powłoki z wielościennych nanorurek węglowych do stopowania laserowego stopu Ti13Nb13Zr oraz odpowiedni dobór parametrów procesu pozwoliły na podwyższenie właściwości mechanicznych (nanotwardość wzrosła ponad dwukrotnie) w stosunku do własności materiału rodzimego, nastąpiło również ujednolicenie właściwości w obrębie badanej powierzchni.
EN
The titanium alloy Ti13Nb13Zr was used as a substrate, because of its chemical composition and good mechanical properties in application of tissue engineering. The aim of the wark was the assessment of the influence of laser alloying of Ti13Nb13Zr coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for mechanical properties (roughness, nanohardness, Young modulus). Electrophoretic deposition (EOP) method was used to prepare carbon coating. Laser modification was carried out with Nd:YAG laser in pulsed mode operating system. The power of the impulse was 800 Wand the time 0,5 ms and 1 ms. Mechanical properties were checked with nanoindenter and roughness of the surface with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The improvement of mechanical properties (the nanohardness increases more than twice) and its homogeneity within tested area (in the comparisan to the native material) was seen after implementation of carbon nanotube coating with appropriate parameters of the process.
EN
The paper presents the construction of an energy-efficient, stand-alone measurement module, designed for use in biomedical applications. The paper discusses the use of an algorithm implementing the acquisition and processing of data, whose main objective was to minimize energy consumption. For the construction of the measuring module, there are used a microcontroller with Cortex-M4F core and two external digital sensor systems: (1) analog-front-end circuit, designed to measure the ECG signal, and (2) a 3-axis system of an integrated accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer, made in MEMS technology. In order to minimize the energy consumption, the solutions proposed include dynamic frequency management, the introduction of sleep modes, and the use of selected hardware features of the microcontroller. The proposed techniques and algorithms are implemented to measure the ECG signal at a sampling rate of 250 Hz. Experimental studies of the sensor module constructed were carried out. As a result of the energy saving techniques used, the working time of the device was extended by more than 6 times.
EN
The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of nanostructure on titanium corrosion resistance in physiological saline (0.9% NaCl). In order to obtain the nanostructure the titanium rod was processed through multiple hydrostatic extrusion (HE). Corrosion tests included electrochemical impedance (EIS) and potentiodynamic (PD) measurements. EIS tests were performed after 2 and 24 hours of immersion in 0.9% NaCl. Potentiodynamic measurements were carried out immediately after the last impedance test. Profilometric examination was used to check whether the samples were equally prepared for corrosion measurements. After corrosion tests a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology of the surface. Corrosion tests revealed the positive influence of nanostructure on titanium corrosion resistance. Moreover, the differences observed were larger in the case of a shorter time of immersion in physiological saline. Hence, it might be surmised that the rate of the passivation process depends on titanium grain size. The microscopic characterization of the surfaces of samples after the corrosion test indicated differences in the surface morphology. The passive film formed on the nanocrystalline sample was more compact and homogenous than on the microcrystalline one. The different number of structural defects in micro- and nanocrystalline titanium might be the reason for the observed phenomena. Due to their higher energy, structural defects could be preferential sites for the nucleation of passive layers. Consequently, the rate of passivation should be higher for nanocrystalline materials. Furthermore, the high volume fraction of structural defects also explained the existence of more tight and uniform passive layer on the nanocrystalline titanium. Good corrosion resistance in physiological saline means that nanotitanium could be an attractive material for biomedical applications.
PL
Celem pracy była analiza wpływu nanostruktury na odporność korozyjną tytanu w roztworze soli fizjologicznej (0,9% NaCl). Zakres pracy obejmował badania korozyjne materiału mikrokrystalicznego i w stanie nanokrystalicznym. Nanokrystaliczny tytan uzyskano metodą wyciskania hydrostatycznego. Przedstawiono również opis budowy warstw pasywnych po przeprowadzonych próbach korozyjnych.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wpływ obróbki wstępnej, polegającej na trawieniu jonowym powierzchni, na aktywną zmianę struktury warstw węglowych syntetyzowanych w metodzie plazmy wysokiej częstotliwości (RF PACVD). W badaniach warstwa węglowa osadzana była na powierzchni stali medycznej (AISI 316L) w plazmie metanowej. Podczas obróbki wstępnej, trawienia jonowego, zmieniano negatywny potencjał polaryzacji elektrody w granicach od 1000 V do 1600 V. Te zmiany prowadziły do obserwowanych różnic w strukturze, chropowatości, grubości i właściwościach tribologicznych warstw węglowych. Wykazano, iż wyższe parametry trawienia jonowego, poprzez zwiększenie energii bombardowania jonowego prowadzącego do intensywniejszego nagrzewania podłoża, powodują silne zmiany w strukturze powstającej warstwy. Ma to istotny wpływ na właściwości warstwy, a zwłaszcza jej odporność korozyjną i twardość.
EN
Here is presented evidence of how ion etching pre-treatment in the radio frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (RF PACVD) method produces an active change in the substrate's surface and forms an interlayer between the surface and the carbon coating, thus creating the best conditions to deposit the coating onto the substrate. In this method, a film is deposited onto the surface of a medical steel (AISI 316L) sample in methane plasma. During the ion etching pre-treatment, the negative bias voltage parameters are changed from 1000 V to 1600 V. These changes lead to observed differences in the structure, roughness, thickness, and tribological properties of the carbon films. High ion etching causes an increase in the temperature of the surface and can compromise the surface and interlayer integrity, causing changes in the corrosion resistance and hardness of the carbon coating.
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