Najpierw przedstawiono tradycyjne zasady projektowania filtrów powolnych. Następnie opisano wyniki nowych badań i zmiany technologii filtracji powolnej oraz zaprezentowano zastosowanie tego procesu do uzdatniania wody w chwili obecnej i w perspektywie historycznej. Na końcu przeanalizowano przykład dużej stacji filtrów powolnych w porównaniu ze stacją filtrów pospiesznych zasilaną tą samą wodą surową i dostarczającą wodę do tej samej sieci wodociągowej.
EN
First traditional rules of slow sand filters design have been described. Then new trends based on recent research results have been briefly summarized. Finally an example of a large filter plant has been analyzed in comparison with a rapid filters plant, supplied with the same raw water and serving for the same town.
Fractions of 8 heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and As) in sludges from two typical coking wastewater treatment plants were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) using the modified the European Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure as the pretreatment technology. The sludges from biological, coagulation deposition units and the discharged sludges of two plants were sampled and the exchangeable, reducible, oxidable, residual fraction and the total content were determined. The oxidable or residual fraction was the predominant fraction in various sludges and on the contrary that the values of the exchangeable and reducible fractions were much lower. Poor biological availability and low potential environment risk of heavy metals was found in sludges from typical coking wastewater treatment plants. Further results of cluster analysis conducted by SPSS that the units with similar conditions could be classed together identified that the unit condition was one key factor affecting on the fraction of heavy metals in sludges.
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The aim of the research was to investigate the degradation of real textile wastewater concentrate obtained in the nanofiltration processes. An anaerobic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor system working in a 24-h cycle was applied. The anaerobic phase aimed at the reduction of Reactive Red 120 molecules was followed by the aerobic oxidation of aromatic amine (orthanilic acid) released from azo dye. Two different successive decolourisation periods were observed in the anaerobic bioreactor for two tested concentrates of textile wastewater. A first-order reaction model was used to describe the decolourisation process. Furthermore, the relation between COD reduction and the concentrate decolourisation was observed. The aromatic amine was completely degraded in the aerobic stage only in the case of two-fold-concentrated textile wastewater.
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