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Study of the Conditions for Accelerating the Composting Process when Adding Microbial Communities

Sokolova Valeriia, Krusir Galina, Sagdeeva Olga, Gnizdovskyi Oleksandr, Malovanyy Myroslav

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2021

Vol. 22, nr 3

11--17

The study of the composting process is a very urgent task. The rapid growth in food production leads to the formation of waste, which should be safely disposed of in a natural way – composting. Composting the vegetable component of food waste can significantly reduce the proportion of waste falling into landfills and utilize the food waste from the hotel and restaurant industry. Additional enrichment of the compost mixture of food waste with the «Baikal EM» microbiological additive accelerates the maturation process and enhances the efficiency of the finished compost. Such compost does not contain viable weed seeds or pathogenic microflora and can be used as a fertilizer. In contrast to the control, a sufficient level of germination index is observed for the studied samples and they are not phytotoxic. The finished compost can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture for growing crops. The results obtained indicate that the index of germination of radish seeds increases along with the duration of fermentation of the composted mixture. Communities of microorganisms contained in the «Baikal EM» additive accelerate the natural process of composting, taking an active part in the destruction of the components of the vegetable mixture. The pH value of the finished compost, both under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions, is close to neutral indicators. High values of CO2 emissions from reactors were recorded in the second week under thermophilic and for 3 weeks under mesophilic conditions. The finished compost that fermented under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions can be used as fertilizer, but considering that additional energy is required to create thermophilic conditions, it is advisable to compost the food waste mixture with the addition of the microbiological additive «Baikal EM» under mesophilic conditions.

Obtaining of Functional Product by Mechanical Processing of Secondary Fish Raw Materials

Fatykhov Yuriy, Ageev Oleg, Ivanov Alexander, Jakubowski Marek, Dutkievicz Daniel, Dowgiallo Andrzej

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2020

Tom 22, cz. 1

51--59

The most competitive fish product is fresh or frozen fillets. The yield of the finished product is 40...50%. Waste from production is sent to livestock, birds for feeding and other purposes, as well as disposed of, which does not correspond to environmental safety. The bone components of fish are valuable secondary raw materials containing a wide range of macro nutrients and minerals. Their most rational use is to obtain biologically active additives on their basis. The object of research is cod bone tissue. The technology of obtaining a natural mineral additive from bone tissue is substantiated. After boiling, the bone tissue is cleared of muscle tissue, while the content of minerals remains high. Vacuum drying of the grinded product allows it to be stored for a long time without compromising its quality. The rational values for vacuum drying of bone waste are given. The conditions of storage of finely grinded mineral bone additive are considered. The ways of its rational industrial use as a biologically active additive are determined.

Najbardziej konkurencyjnym rodzajem produktu rybnego jest świeży lub mrożony filet. W takim przypadku wydajność produktu końcowego wynosi 40...50%. Odpady z produkcji są kierowane na paszę dla zwierząt gospodarskich, ptaków i innych celów, a także są usuwane, co nie odpowiada bezpieczeństwu środowiska. Składniki kostne ryb są cennym surowcem wtórnym zawierającym bogate spektrum makroskładników i minerałów. Najbardziej racjonalnym zastosowaniem jest uzyskanie biologicznie aktywnych dodatków na ich bazie. Jako przedmiot badań wybrano tkankę kostną dorsza. Technologia uzyskiwania naturalnego suplementu mineralnego z tkanki kostnej jest uzasadniona. Po ugotowaniu tkanka kostna uwalnia się od tkanki mięśniowej, a zawartość minerałów pozostaje wysoka. Suszenie próżniowe pokruszonego produktu pozwala przechowywać go przez długi czas bez pogorszenia wskaźników jakości. Podano racjonalne wartości parametrów suszenia próżniowego odpadów kostnych. Uwzględniono warunki przechowywania drobno zmielonych mineralnych suplementów kostnych. Określono sposoby jego racjonalnego zastosowania przemysłowego jako biologicznie aktywnego dodatku.