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The concept of biologically active microporous engineering materials and composite biological-engineering materials for regenerative medicine and dentistry

Dobrzański L. A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

2016

Vol. 80, nr 2

64--85

Purpose: The concept presented in this study proposes indirect solutions, both, rigid ones involving high strength and transmission of high mechanical loads, and ones which are elastic, thin and light as fog, when a very light dressing supplying living cells is applied to an extensive wound, e.g. on skin, in a way ensuring their fast fusion with the defected surface of body. They are proposed implant-scaffolds, i.e. rigid devices composed of a solid metal core and a surface or transition porous zone into which living cells may grow. The pores are so small that hair or even a very thin needle can be placed there. The interior of such openings, extending along the entire part of material, needs to be covered from the inside with a very thin coating which can be accepted by living cells so that they can develop in such conditions and penetrate such openings deep inside. Design/methodology/approach: The material solutions proposed in the study result from a synergy of methods of technical sciences, including materials engineering and chemical sciences, in consistency with the adopted author’s assumptions, but, in particular, depending on the specificity of clinical conditions and biological sciences, also tissue engineering, in the context of medical sciences, including tissue therapy, require a multiaspect state-of-the-art analysis and the resulting specific scientific problems which should be solved and their pioneering character. Taking into consideration the lack of references in the literature to the overall analysis of the issue, separate aspects are analysed further in this study concerning biologically active cellular structures and a substrate with an engineering composite material matrix used for scaffolds and newly developed implant-scaffolds. Findings: In consideration of the principal research intention of the presented research concept, pertaining to the development of hybrid and multilayer biological-engineering composite materials, including rigid and elastic ones, composed not only of biologically active cellular structures, the state-of-the-art of which is presented earlier, but also of a substrate with an engineering material matrix, with an optimally selected type, chemical composition and a nanometric structure, fulfilling a carrier function, and in fact a scaffold for biological structures required to have an appropriate array of mechanical properties and rigidity, allowing applications in therapeutic conditions, as well as physiochemical properties, permitting to fully control the behaviour of the whole biological- engineering composite material upon achieving the therapeutic aims defined by medical reasons, it is necessary to consider the material and technological aspects allowing to accomplish the abovementioned assumptions in the current state of technology. Practical implications: Despite obvious technological progress seen in the recent period in the fabrication of cell-based products and in cell-based therapies, it should be acknowledged that therapies based on implantable devices together with the participation of growing cells, and especially the mass technological processes required by such therapies, are still in a relatively incipient phase of technological development, leaving a lot of space for original and pioneering basic research. The basic research performed in the study will represent a solid basis for undertaking application works in the future, allowing to fabricate a new generation of concrete products unknown today, which will find their application in regenerative medicine and dentistry for treating various internal and external disorders associated with, e.g. burning, healing or severe wounds and injuries, removal of consequences of oncological or post-injury disorders. Originality/value: The primary scientific aim of the presented research concept is to verify a research thesis that it is possible and relevant to develop multilayer biological-engineering composite materials having clinical readiness, partially artificial ones, using Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), to fabricate microporous rigid titanium and titanium alloy skeletons or for polymer nanofiber electrospinning to produce microporous elastic mats, and partially biological ones consisting of living cells filling the appropriately prepared pores in the mentioned microporous materials. Cognitive aspects concern the recognition of phenomena and mechanisms associated with fabrication of the so understood biologically active microporous engineering material being, in essence, a biological-engineering composite material, and of surface phenomena and mechanisms taking place between individual layers of this unique material and their influence on manufacturing processes, both, in the engineering as well as biological part, and on the behaviour of particular layers and joint zones between such layers during material fabrication, as well as in conditions simulating therapy preparation and duration, and alternatively during the non-destructive separation of cellular structures from a substrate from a composite engineering material substrate on which cells are grown, but already after fulfilling the intended therapeutic function, if the material is not permanently left in the organism.