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Heavy Metals Tolerance in an Invasive Weed (Fallopia japonica) under Different Levels of Soils Contamination

Sołtysiak Justyna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 7

81--91

EN

In order to assess the tolerance of the highly invasive weed Fallopia japonica to heavy metals, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in which this plant was cultivated in control soil and in the soils polluted by different levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The content of heavy metals in soil did not eliminate the F. japonica rhizome’s capacity to regenerate. However, at the beginning of the experiment, the presence of some metal doses: Cd (100, 200 mg•kg-1), Pb (200 mg•kg-1) and Zn (300 mg•kg-1) delayed the rhizome regeneration compared to the control plants. In the soils contaminated with any level of Cr or Pb, shoots grew with similar vigour to the control plants. Only the high doses of Cd (100, 200 mg•kg-1), Cu (300 mg•kg-1) and Zn (300 mg•kg-1) significantly delayed the plants’ growth. The morphological features of F. japonica from the soils polluted with Cr and Pb were not significantly different from the control plants. Among the tested heavy metals that had the greatest impact on the morphology of F. japonica were Cd (100, 200 mg•kg-1), Cu (300 mg•kg-1) and Zn (300 mg•kg-1). A chemical analysis indicated that this weed accumulated large quantities of metals when cultivated in the contaminated soil. Particular attention was paid to its relatively high Cd uptake. In the variant where a dose of 100 mg Cd•kg-1 was applied, the plants (aboveground part) accumulated more than 630 times the amount of cadmium found in the control. The abilities of F. japonica to regenerate from rhizome fragments, to grow and develop under the stress conditions created by heavy metals, and to take up metals are evidence that this plant is characterised by metal tolerance.

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Invasive Solidago Species: How Large Area Do They Occupy and What Would be the Cost of Their Removal?

Szymura M., Szymura T. H., Wolski K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 1

25--34

EN

The impact of biological invasions should be considered from ecological and economic perspective. To understand the influence of the invader, both its range and abundance should be known. Even if the range of invaders is well-known, the problem of assessing their abundance still occurs very often. In this study we report the results of an assessment of the area covered by stands of alien Solidago species in Silesia (Central Europe, south-western Poland, area ca. 30 000 km2), and estimated costs of the invaded areas recultivation. The results of field survey show that the stands of invasive Solidago species cover an area of about 130 000 hectares in S-W Poland, which is ca. 4.5% of the total area of the studied region. It was also found that the cadastral data and Corine land cover maps underestimate the area of fallowed agricultural lands. The cost of removing stands of invasive Solidago species in S-W Poland ranges from 123.24 to 266.17 million PLN, depending on the method. The method that balances reasonable costs, low environmental impact and efficiency of grassland establishment costs 180.7 million PLN for S-W Poland.

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Impact of alien tree species Quercus rubra L. on understorey habitat and flora: a study of the Silesian Upland (Southern Poland)

Chmura D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

431--442

EN

One hundred and one stands of non-native red oak Quercus rubra L. were examined across various forest types with the objective to relate the influence of environmental variables on the abundance of this species and to characterise its impact on the species richness and proportion of functional groups of native plant species. Amongst randomly selected stands more than 50% were self-regenerating ones, i.e. seedlings were present. The cover of Q. rubra seedlings was positively correlated with light intensity (rs = 0.38, P <0.05) and negatively with the content of nitrogen (rs = –0.20, P <0.05) and loss on ignition (rs = 0.20, P <0.05) in soil. The cover of mature trees was positively correlated with the value of pH (rs = 0.22, P <0.05). Separate correlations with DCA scores of phytosociological relevés and the cover of red oak in each layer showed that the species influenced the floristic composition of forest vegetation. The cover of mature trees of red oak negatively affected both the number of understorey species (rs = –0.39, P <0.01) and the cover of shrubs (rs = –0.21, P <0.05) and herbaceous species (rs = –0.22, P <0.05). Q. rubra in the form of a mature tree had a negative influence on the cover of barochores, endozoochores and species of Grime’s CSR strategy. The cover of red oak’s seedlings was negatively correlated with the cover of annual species (rs = –0.21, P <0.05). Saplings of Q. rubra had a negative influence on the cover of dyszoochores (rs = –0.21, P <0.05) and was positively correlated with competitors (rs = 0.31, P <0.01), megaphanerophytes (rs = 0.27, P <0.05) and therophytes (rs = 0.25, P <0.05). The study showed that Q. rubra is a competitive species both as a mature tree and in the form of seedlings or small saplings and thus it can contribute to the reduction of biodiversity in forest communities.