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1

A new approach to the problems of recycling spent catalytic converters

Willner Joanna, Fornalczyk Agnieszka, Gajda Bernadeta, Sobianowska-Turek Agnieszka

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2024

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Nr 1

40--46

EN

In the last decade the main application of precious metals has been the production of auto catalytic converters. The life time of catalytic converters is limited and after that time remains a rich source of platinum group metals. The article presents currently used pyro-and hydrometallurgical precious metals recovery methods. However, particular attention is dedicated to the new trends in biohydrometallurgy, focused on the possibility of using cyanogenic microorganisms potential in biological leaching of precious metals. A review of the achievements and results of laboratory tests for the extraction of precious metals from waste materials by bacteria leaching has been presented. The areas of research that require further explanation and solutions have been indicated. The article also gives suggestions for further laboratory work towards the use of cyanogenic microorganisms for recovery of platinum group metals from solid waste. The work also presents innovative solutions for the management of residues (specifically cordierite carriers) following the processing of used automotive catalytic converters through pyro-, hydro-, or bio-based methods.

PL

W ostatniej dekadzie głównym zastosowaniem metali szlachetnych była produkcja katalizatorów samochodowych. Żywotność katalizatorów jest ograniczona i po tym czasie pozostaje bogatym źródłem metali z grupy platynowców. W artykule przedstawiono obecnie stosowane metody odzyskiwania piro- i hydrometalurgicznego metali szlachetnych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono jednak nowym trendom w biohydrometalurgii, skupiającym się na możliwości wykorzystania potencjału mikroorganizmów cyjanogennych w biologicznym ługowaniu metali szlachetnych. W pracy przedstawiono przegląd osiągnięć i wyników badań laboratoryjnych ekstrakcji metali szlachetnych z materiałów odpadowych metodą wymywania bakteryjnego, wskazano obszary badań wymagające dalszego wyjaśnienia i rozwiązań. W artykule przedstawiono także sugestie dotyczące dalszych prac laboratoryjnych,, w kierunku wykorzystania mikroorganizmów cyjanogennych do odzyskiwania metali z grupy platynowców z odpadów stałych. W pracy przedstawiono także innowacyjne rozwiązania w zakresie zagospodarowania pozostałości (w szczególności nośników kordierytowych) po przetworzeniu zużytych katalizatorów samochodowych metodami pirometalurgicznymi, hydrohydrometalurgicznymi i biohydrometalurgicznymi.

2

Recent sustainable trends for e-waste bioleaching

Al Sultan Mohammed Sami, Benli Birgül

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 5

art. no. 167375

EN

For the past few decades, the electronic and electrical waste have been accumulating and piling on our lands and aside from posing some serious threat on our environment and our health. And with the technological advance and the rapid growing electronic demand and production there is the risk of accumulating even more unused valuable usable materials in our waste land-fields. Up to 2030, EU is forecasting about 74 million tons of e-waste, including washing machines, tablet computers, toasters, and cell phones. In 2022, more than 5.3 billion mobile phones were wasted whereas Li, Mn, Cu, Ni, and various rare-earth elements (like Nd, Eu and Tb, etc.) as well as graphite are actually found in the contents of many metal parts from wiring, batteries to their components. The main purpose aside from an environmental aspect is reserving the mineral used in this waste, as many of the crucial materials have a supply risk heavily depending on import. For instance, many of these rare earth elements (REE) are sourced from China; these REEs are used in many electronics that range from consumer products to industrial-use machines. This study is to review one of the desired methods that is via using bio-techniques to dissolve and recover as much as possible from main e-waste sources such as PCBs, spend batteries and LCD/LED panels. Microorganisms that are used for bioleaching process and their metal recovery aspects were compared in the second part. Future perspectives were finally added considering significant techno-economic environmental and social impacts.

3

Bioaccumulation and Bioleaching of Cu, Pb, and Zn from Mining Waste

Cermak Patrik, Cernansky Slavomir

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 2, vol. 2

87--91

EN

The subject of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Aspergillus niger (Pezinok) and Neosartorya fischeri strains in bioleaching and bioaccumulation of metals from mining waste from the Hodruša tailings pond. The waste used in the work contained 0.10 mm fractions weighing 1 and 2 g from different depths of the soil matrix, samples A: 10–20 cm, samples B: 20–30 cm. We focused on the elements copper, lead and zinc with the content of individual elements (mg/kg) copper – in samples A 487 mg/kg, in samples B 115 mg/kg. Lead – samples A 1208 mg/kg, samples B 582 mg/kg. Zinc – samples A 6970 mg/kg, samples B 6808 mg/kg. We confirmed the effectiveness of the Aspergillus niger strain in this process due to the production of organic acids (citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid). In the experimental part, we found that the most effective strain in determining the efficiency of extraction and concentration of metals in the solution after bioleaching was the Aspergillus niger strain. The Neosartorya fischeri strain appears to be most effective in accumulating metals in solution and accumulating metals in biomass. We can justify this phenomenon due to the different properties of the cell walls of individual fungal strains and it is necessary to keep these differences in mind when comparing biosorption properties

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego badania było określenie skuteczności szczepów Aspergillus niger (Pezinok) i Neosartorya fischeri w bioługowaniu i bioakumulacji metali z odpadów górniczych ze stawu osadowego Hodruša. Odpady wykorzystane w pracy zawierały frakcje 0,10 mm o masie 1 i 2 g z różnych głębokości matrycy glebowej, próbki A: 10–20 cm, próbki B: 20–30 cm. Skupiliśmy się na pierwiastkach miedzi, ołowiu i cynku z zawartością poszczególnych pierwiastków (mg/kg) miedź – w próbkach A 487 mg/kg, w próbkach B 115 mg/kg. Ołów – próbki A 1208 mg/kg, próbki B 582 mg/kg. Cynk – próbki A 6970 mg/kg, próbki B 6808 mg/kg. Potwierdziliśmy skuteczność szczepu Aspergillus niger w tym procesie ze względu na produkcję kwasów organicznych (kwas cytrynowy, kwas szczawiowy, kwas octowy). W części eksperymentalnej stwierdziliśmy, że najskuteczniejszym szczepem w określaniu wydajności ekstrakcji i stężenia metali w roztworze po bioługowaniu był szczep Aspergillus niger. Szczep Neosartorya fischeri wydaje się być najbardziej efektywny w akumulacji metali w roztworze i akumulacji metali w biomasie. Zjawisko to można uzasadnić różnymi właściwościami ścian komórkowych poszczególnych szczepów grzybów i należy pamiętać o tych różnicach przy porównywaniu właściwości biosorpcyjnych.

4

LCD panels bioleaching with pure and mixed culture of Acidithiobacillus

Willner Joanna, Fornalczyk Agnieszka, Saternus Mariola, Sedlakova-Kadukova Jana, Gajda Bernadeta

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 1

15--23

EN

The influence of pure and mixed culture of A. ferrooxidans and A. tiooxidans as well as different pulp density (1 and 2%) of LCD panels on the In and Sn bioleaching efficiency was investigated. Pulp density is one of the factors affecting the metals extraction efficiency during biological leaching. It has been shown that lower pulp density results in higher indium and tin dissolution. The A. ferrooxidans bioleaching system showed better metal extraction results than A. thiooxidans, especially for tin, indicating the special role of iron and A. ferrooxidans in tin recovery. The highest leaching rate of both indium (94.7%) and tin (98.2%) was obtained using iron and sulfur medium inoculated with mixed bacteria and a pulp density of 1% w/v.

5

Bioleaching of sulfide containing material from the Wiśniówka Quarry: stability and adhesion of secondary products

Pawlowska Agnieszka, Sadowski Zygmunt, Winiarska Katarzyna

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 4

art. no. 149884

EN

Secondary products (minerals) formed during bioleaching play an essential role in this process. Their adhesion to the surface of leached grains can inhibit bioleaching. For this reason, it is crucial to know the physicochemical conditions of adhesion. Selected material from the Wiśniówka Quarry (Kielce, Poland) with increased content of sulfides was subjected to microbial leaching. A precipitate collected from a bacterial culture was used as a secondary product (mainly jarosite). Adhesion and bio-extraction tests were carried out in a column reactor with a mineral bed (particle size 0.8 - 1.2 mm). The cationic surfactant (CTAB), anionic surfactant (SDS), and rhamnolipids (RL) were used to modify the surface of minerals and secondary products. Changes in the surface properties were determined with zeta potential measurements. The cationic surfactant above the 0.5 mM caused stability of jarosite suspension. Also, bioleaching efficiency was the highest for mineral surfaces modified by CTAB. The quantitative interpretation of the adhesion of the secondary product to bioleach mineral material was carried out.

6

Możliwości bioługowania Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn ze ścieków z instalacji mechaniczno-biologicznego przetwarzania odpadów

Kamizela Tomasz, Kowalczyk Mariusz

Instal

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2022

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nr 10

68--74

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie możliwości zastosowania bakterii bioługujących w solubilizacji metali ciężkich ze ścieków powstających w instalacji mechaniczno-biologicznego przetwarzania odpadów. Ocenę efektywności bioługowania oparto na podstawie monitoringu pH, potencjału redox oraz stężeń chromu, miedzi, niklu oraz cynku. Proces uwalniania metali do formy rozpuszczonej był procesem selektywnym zależnym od charakterystyki pobranych ścieków oraz czasu procesu. Ponadto, w kolejności, zakwaszenie ścieków, zaszczepienie mikroorganizmami oraz dodatek siarki jako substratu energetycznego były czynnikami wpływającymi na efektywność bioługowania. Zastosowanie najkorzystniejszych warunków procesowych umożliwiło solubilizację metali w zakresie 70 - 95%. Zastosowanie procesu bioługowania w przetwarzaniu ścieków jest ograniczone z uwagi na zmienne efekty procesowe. Problematyka przetwarzania tego typu ścieków przez bioługowanie wydaje się nadal perspektywiczna, tym bardziej, że uzyskana biomasa może stanowić wartość dodaną technologii przetwarzania jako produkt nawozowy.

EN

The aim of the research was to determine the possibility of using bioleaching bacteria in the solubilization of heavy metals from wastewater generated in the installation of mechanical and biological waste treatment. The evaluation of the effectiveness of bioleaching was based on the monitoring of pH, redox potential and the concentrations of chromium, copper, nickel and zinc. The process of metal release to a dissolved form was a selective process depending on the characteristics of the collected wastewater and the process time. Moreover, in order, acidification of the wastewater, inoculation with microorganisms and the addition of sulfur as an energy substrate were the factors influencing the efficiency of bioleaching. The use of the most favorable process conditions enabled the solubilization of metals in the range of 70 - 95%. The use of the bioleaching process in wastewater treatment was limited due to variable process effects. The issue of processing this type of wastewater by bioleaching still seems to be prospective, the more so that the obtained biomass may constitute an added value of the processing technology as a fertilizer product.

7

Bioleaching using Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans – an option for element recovery from highly alkaline waste incineration ash?

Kasina Monika, Jarosz Kinga, Salamon Klaudiusz, Wierzbicki Adam, Mikoda Bartosz, Michalik Marek

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2022

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T. 38, z. 3

105--120

EN

Bioleaching research considers both the bio- and anthroposphere in the search for novel ways to recover resources and elements, which is important to the concept of sustainable development. Since the efficient, cost-effective and simple recovery of resources is of increasing importance in the circular economy model, the bioleaching of metals is a method currently gaining interest. The process is also of importance considering the need for the neutralization of waste materials/resources that allow for their safe storage and use. In this study, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans bacteria, which is commonly found and widely utilized in the bioleaching process due to its high tolerance to heavy metals, was used in a twenty-eight-day experiment. The manner in which bacteria inhabit incineration residues was observed using fluorescence optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The concentration of elements in incineration residues and in the post-reaction solutions was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the efficiency of element recovery was calculated based on the results. Municipal waste incineration bottom ash and sewage sludge incineration fly ash were considered in the experiment. The extraction rates were far from satisfactory, with the average 20 and 50% for bottom ash and sewage sludge ash, respectively. The obtained results were consistent with microscopic observations where the relative number of bacteria increased only slightly over time in the sewage-sludge fly ash and was barely observed in the bottom ash of municipal-waste incineration.

PL

Badania procesów bioługowania to analiza przenikania się bio- i antroposfery, w poszukiwaniu nowych sposobów na odzyskiwanie zasobów i pierwiastków. Granica tych sfer ma duży potencjał dla wdrażania modelu zrównoważonego rozwoju. Ze względu na fakt, że efektywne, tanie oraz proste metody odzyskiwania surowców mają rosnące znaczenie w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym, bioługowanie metali jest metodą, która obecnie cieszy się coraz większym zainteresowaniem. Jest to również proces istotny w kontekście neutralizacji surowców odpadowych umożliwiającej ich bezpieczne magazynowania i zastosowanie. W przeprowadzonym badaniu powszechnie występujące bakterie Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, które są często używane w procesach bioługowania ze względu na fakt ich wysokiej tolerancji na metale ciężkie, zostały wykorzystane w 28-dniowym eksperymencie. Sposób i zmienność w czasie, w jaki bakterie zasiedlają osad po spalaniu, został zaobserwowany przy pomocy fluorescencyjnej mikroskopii optycznej i skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej. Stężenie pierwiastków w osadach po spalaniu i w poreakcyjnych roztworach zostało zmierzone przy użyciu indukcyjnie sparowanej plazmowej spektrometrii mas, a efektywność odzyskiwania pierwiastków została obliczona na podstawie uzyskanych wyników. Popioły po spalaniu odpadów komunalnych oraz popioły lotne ze spalania osadów ściekowych zostały ujęte w eksperymencie. Stosunki ekstrakcji pierwiastków były dalekie od zadowalających ze średnią 20 oraz 50% dla popiołów po spalaniu odpadów komunalnych oraz popiołu z osadów ściekowych. Pozyskane wyniki są w zgodzie z obserwacjami dokonanymi przy pomocy mikroskopii, gdzie relatywna liczba bakterii wzrosła niewiele we wspomnianym czasie w przypadku popiołów ściekowych i była w zasadzie niedostrzegalna w przypadku popiołów dennych.

8

Studies on uranium recovery from a U-bearing Radoniów Dump

Kiegiel Katarzyna, Roubinek Otton, Gajda Dorota, Kalbarczyk Paweł, Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz Grażyna, Chmielewski Andrzej G.

Nukleonika

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2021

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Vol. 66, No. 4

115--119

EN

This work reports the possibility of uranium recovery from a post-mining uranium ore dump in Poland by a bioleaching method. The studies were conducted on the dump leaching model with the mass of 570 kg of uranium bearing mineral material from Radoniów pile and in the periodic bioreactor with a work volume of 80 dm3 and with mechanical mixing and aeration of the charge. The uranium concentration in the examined material was about 800 ppm. In this process, the consortium of microorganisms isolated from former mines was used. It was composed of the following microorganisms: Bacillius, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Thiobacillus, Halothiobacillus, Thiomonas, and Geothrix. The effi ciency of the uranium bioleaching process was 98% in the reactor, and a yield of 70% was obtained in the dump leaching model. The post-leaching solution contained signifi cant amounts of uranium ions that were separated in two stages: (1) by ion chromatography and then (2) by a two-step precipitation method. The resulting solution was a source of ammonium diuranate, the precursor of yellowcake (uranium oxides).

9

Extraction of selected metals from waste printed circuit boards by bioleaching acidophilic bacteria

Hołda Anna, Krawczykowska Aldona

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2021

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no. 1

43--52

EN

Technological innovations and increased demand for electronic devices resulted in production of more and more waste with high metal content. Worldwide, 50 million tons of WEEE (Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment) are generated each year. Given the metal content present in electrical waste (e-waste), it is considered to be an urban mine and, if properly treated, can serve as an alternative secondary source of metals. Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) that constitute approx. 3-5% of WEEE by weight are of particular importance. ey contain, on average, 30-40% of metals by weight, with higher purity than in minerals. With environmental and economic benefits in mind, increasing attention is being paid to the development of processes to recover metals and other valuable materials from WPCBs. e research presented in the article aimed at assessing the usefulness of the biotechnological method for leaching of selected metals from e-waste. e results indicate that it is possible to mobilize metals from WPCBs using microorganisms such as Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans bacteria.

PL

Szybki rozwój technologiczny i wzrost popytu na urządzenia elektroniczne prowadzą do powstawania coraz większej ilości odpadów o dużej zawartości metali. Na całym świecie każdego roku wytwarza się 50 milionów ton odpadów elektronicznych (WEEE). Biorąc pod uwagę zawartość metali w nich obecnych, uważa się je za urban mining i jeśli zostaną one odpowiednio przetworzone, mogą służyć jako alternatywne, wtórne źródło metali. Szczególne znaczenie mają odpadowe obwody drukowane (WPCBs) stanowiące 3-5% WEEE. Zawierają one średnio 30-40% wagowych metali, o czystości większej niż w minerałach. Mając na uwadze korzyści środowiskowe i ekonomiczne, coraz większą uwagę przywiązuje się do rozwoju procesów odzyskiwania metali i innych cennych materiałów z odpadów PCBs. Badania przedstawione w artykule miały na celu ocenę przydatności metody biotechnologicznej do ługowania wybranych metali z odpadów elektronicznych. Wyniki wskazują, że jest możliwe mobilizowanie metali z PCBs przy użyciu mikroorganizmów takich jak bakterie Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans.

10

Metal Mobilisation from Obsolete PCB of Mobile Phones Using Chemolithotrophs

Sonawane Pooja M., Gupta Shantikumar G.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 6

79--84

EN

Tech is ubiquitous and a major mushrooming stream of hazardous material into the environment produced from the obsolescence of electronic equipment. The successful commercial operations of bioleaching processes from ores are now finding urban mines to be its potential source of base metals and precious metals. Among the six categories of e-waste, mobile phones pose a significant challenge due to technological upgradation and short life span of these gadgets. Thus, this study was precisely projected towards the e-waste generated by mobile phones. The ICP-OES analysis of 0.5 mm particle size of e-waste revealed the presence of base metals Co < Mg < Pb < Zn < Ni < Al < Cu and precious metals Pt < Au. The analysis showed that among base metals Cu is present in the highest concentration i.e., 244.303 g/kg and gold is present in 1106.6 mg/kg. In the current study, the plausibility of bioleaching processes using chemolithotrophs (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) for mobilisation of the metals from e-waste was investigated at variable pulp densities (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%). The results from the study indicated that the pure cultures of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans were able to abundantly leach out base and precious metals at 0.5% and 1% pulp densities of powdered e-waste. At 1% pulp density, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans leached 79% of Cu and at 0.5% Ni and Al were leached in 80% and 70% respectively. Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans at 0.5% pulp density leached out Co, Zn and Pb in 61.7%, 60.9%, and 49.8% respectively. Among precious metals at 1% pulp density Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans leached out Au in 55% and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in 67%. These findings highlight the potential application of biomining for mobilization and extraction of metals from electronic waste.

11

Application of biological method for removing selected heavy metals from sewage sludge

Willner Joanna, Fornalczyk Agnieszka

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2020

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Vol. 56, iss. 2

387--395

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the application of bioleaching technique to reduce content of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu) in sewage sludge, and hence to indicate possibilities for metals recovery from this type of waste. Bioleaching experiments were carried out with mixed bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, using leaching media: ferrous sulfate with different concentrations of Fe2+ (2 g/dm3 and 9 g/dm3) and sulfuric acid (VI). Dynamics of the increase in zinc concentration in biological systems was almost identical for both 9 g Fe2+/dm3 and 2 g Fe2+/dm3 in samples. However, higher values of Cu concentration were achieved using a medium with iron(II) salt 9 g/dm3 than in a 2 g/dm3 solution. Bioleaching with 9 g Fe2+/dm3 allowed for a nearly 20-fold reduction of zinc content and a 2-fold reduction in copper content in sewage sludge. Using 9 g/dm3 ferrous sulfate bioleaching could dissolve 94.8% Zn and 58.9%, whereas chemical leaching dissolved 47.3% Zn and 4.2% Cu.

12

Biohydrometallurgical Processing Methods for Low-Grade Sulfide Ores in the Arctic

Yanishevskya Elena, Goryachev Andrey, Fokina Nadezhda, Krasavtseva Eugenia

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2020

|

no. 1, vol. 2

221--224

EN

Microorganisms capable of oxidizing sulfide minerals were isolated for the bioleaching experiments. Ore samples from the Allarechensk mining waste dump and low-grade ore samples from the deposit Nud II were studied. The samples have a similar ore mineral composition – pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite. In the study, the solution was recycled to make the process environmentally friendly.

PL

Mikroorganizmy zdolne do utleniania minerałów siarczkowych zostały wyizolowane w celu przeprowadzenia eksperymentów bioługowania. Próbki rudy ze składowiska odpadów pogórniczych Allarechensk, jak również próbki rudy ze złoża Nud II zostały zbadane. Próbki maja podobny skład mineralny – pirotyt, pentlandyt, chalkopiryt oraz magnetyt. W badaniu zastosowano recykling, aby proces był przyjazny dla środowiska.

13

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Biological and Chemical Leaching of Copper, Nickel and Zinc from Circuit Boards

Andrzejewska-Górecka Dorota Anna, Poniatowska Agnieszka, Macherzyński Bartłomiej, Wojewódka Dominik, Wszelaka-Rylik Małgorzata Edyta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 9

62--69

EN

The progress of civilization brings with it the development of advanced technologies and increased demand for electric and electronic equipment. That directly influences the increase of produced e-waste, called Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Due to the fact that deficit and critical metals are running out throughout the World, and due to increased demand for those metals, their alternative source and recovery methods have to be found. As an alternative biotechnological methods can be used. The advantage of biological methods over chemical processes is its selectivity in regard to different metal groups, simplicity of technological process, economic effectivity (lower energy expenditure) and lack of negative impact on environment. The aim of this work was to compare the effectiveness of biological and chemical leaching of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) from circuit boards (PCBs).The experiment was conducted in variants which included factors such as temperature (24°C and 37°C) and speed of mixing. In case of all metals higher effectiveness was achieved in variants conducted in the temperature of 24°C and faster mixing than in temperature of 37°C and slower mixing. In case of cooper and zinc better results of metal removal were achieved in bioleaching variant. In case of nickel faster result of metal removal were achieved in chemical leaching, but at the end of the experiment the effectivity of chemical leaching and biological leaching was similar. The maximum efficiency of cooper, nickel and zinc release was adequately 100%, 90%, 65%.

14

Release of critical metals from furnace wastes using the process of bioleaching in various variants

Andrzejewska-Górecka Dorota A., Poniatowska Agnieszka, Macherzyński Bartłomiej, Wojewódka Dominik, Sierakowski Maciej

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 3

72--78

EN

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of various variants of bioleaching on effectivity of releasing chosen critical metals: rhodium, cadmium, indium, niobium and chromium from ashes which are a byproduct of municipal waste and sewage sludge thermal processing. The research was conducted in 3 variants that considered different process factors such as temperature (24ºC and 37ºC), mixing intensity and aeration. After 5 days of the process the analyses were made of metals content, sulfate concentration, pH, general number of bacteria number, index of sulfur oxidizing bacteria. The best results of bioleaching were achieved by running the process at the temperature of 24ºC with aeration. The efficiency of rhodium and cadmium release from the byproduct of municipal waste thermal processing was above 90%. The efficiency of indium and chromium release reached 50–60%. Only niobium leached better in mixing conditions. The byproduct of sewage sludge thermal processing was far less susceptible to bioleaching. The highest effectivity (on a level of 50%) was reached for indium in temperature of 24°C with aeration. The efficiency of bioleaching depended on waste’s physiochemical properties and type of metal which will be released. Aeration with compressed air had a positive influence on the increase of sulfur oxidizing bacteria what corresponded with almost double increase of sulfate concentration in leaching culture. Such conditions had a positive influence on the increase of the efficiency of bioleaching process. Heightening the temperature to 37°C and slowly mixing did not impact bioleaching in a positive way.

PL

Celem niniejszych badań była ocena wpływu różnych wariantów bioługowania na efektywność uwalniania wybranych metali krytycznych takich jak rod, kadm, ind, niob i chrom z odpadów będących produktami ubocznymi termicznego przetwarzania odpadów komunalnych i osadów ściekowych. Badania były prowadzone w 3 wariantach uwzględniających różne parametry procesu, takie jak: temperatura (24ºC i 37ºC), intensywność mieszania i napowietrzanie. Po 5 dniach prowadzenia procesu zostały wykonane oznaczenia: zawartości metali, stężenia siarczanów, pH, ogólnej liczby bakterii, miana bakterii utleniających siarkę. Najlepsze rezultaty osiągnięto przy prowadzeniu procesu w temperaturze 24°C, w warunkach napowietrzania. W przypadku próbki popiołu z termicznego przetwarzania odpadów komunalnych efektywność uwalniania rodu i kadmu wyniosła powyżej 90%, natomiast indu i chromu kształtowała się na poziomie 50–60%. Tylko niob ługował się lepiej w warunkach mieszania. Próbka popiołu ze spalania osadów ściekowych była mniej podatna na bioługowanie. Najwyższą efektywność – na poziomie 50% osiągnięto dla indu w temperaturze 24°C, w warunkach napowietrzania. Efektywność zależała od typu odpadu oraz rodzaju uwalnianego metalu. Napowietrzanie sprzężonym powietrzem miało pozytywny wpływ na wzrost liczebności bakterii utleniających siarkę, co korespondowało z prawie dwukrotnym wzrostem zawartości siarczanów w hodowlach ługujących. Takie warunki sprzyjały zwiększeniu skuteczności procesu. Zastosowanie temperatury 37°C i powolnego mieszania nie wpłynęło korzystnie na bioługowanie.

15

Bioleaching of indium and tin from used LCD panels

Willner J., Fornalczyk A., Gajda B., Saternus M.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2018

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Vol. 54, iss. 3

639--645

EN

The demand for indium is increasing every year. This metal is mainly used as indium tin oxide (ITO) in the production of transparent conductive coatings for liquid crystal displays (LCD). This paper focuses on biohydrometallurgical methods used for the recovery of indium and tin from LCD sourced from spent mobile phones. Bioleaching experiments were carried out in two different leaching media: 9K medium and H2SO4 solution, using mixed, adapted bacteria Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidothiobacillus thiooxidans. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential and efficiency of indium and tin extraction in the presence of acidophilic microorganisms. Within 35 days, using 9K medium, 55.6% of indium was bioleached, whereas the chemical leaching resulted in a value of 3.4%. Leaching efficiency of tin was 90.2% on the 14th day of the experiment for the biological system (9K) and 93.4% on 21st day of control leaching.

16

Coal Enrichment Methods by Using Microorganisms and Their Metabolites

Deska M., Głodniok M., Ulfig K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 2

213--220

EN

The aim of this study is to review the literature on the methods of low-rank coal enrichment by using microorganisms and their metabolites. Effective bio-beneficiation technologies for low-rank coals in the future are also suggested throughout this paper. An extensive literature review highlights recent advances in bio-beneficiation technologies for low rank coals. This paper presents the state of the art in the field of the bio-beneficiation technology - carbon leaching with the aid of microorganisms, especially fungi. The knowledge of the low-rank coals leaching is an important step to meet the carbon eco-requirements and improve the economics of mining companies. There are several reasons to investigate microbial activities towards coal. This paper presents the current state of knowledge concerning bioleaching of coal. Thus, in view of the increasing importance of hard coal as a raw material and energy source, it seems hopeful to study the potential of microorganisms to modify the low-rank coal structure.

17

Utilization of steelwork waste heaps – recovery of metals by acidic bioleaching

Farbiszewska-Kiczma Jadwiga, Makuchowska-Fryc Joanna

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 2

223--232

EN

The paper presents the results of preliminary research conducted by the acid bioleaching method, with the use of autochthonous Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria and museum strains of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, on recovery of metals contained in selected metallurgical waste. The material contained mainly oxidative minerals Fe2O3, SiO2, and Al2O3 as well as lead, zinc, copper and nickel sulphides. Concentrations of the key metals were respectively: zinc 3.46 %, lead 13.8 %, copper 0.4 %, nickel 0.06 %. The works were carried out on a small laboratory scale. The results confirmed that the method is effective. The most effective process of bacterial leaching in the heap was for zinc – a 28 % yield in 96 days.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wstępnych, prowadzonych metodą bioługowania kwaśnego, z wykorzystaniem autochtonicznych bakterii rodzaju Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans i muzealnych szczepów bakterii rodzaju Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, nad odzyskiem metali zawartych w wybranych odpadach pohutniczych. Materiał zawierał głównie minerały tlenkowe Fe2O3, SiO2 i Al2O3 oraz siarczki ołowiu, cynku, miedzi i niklu. Stężenia najważniejszych metali wynosiły odpowiednio: 3,46 % cynku, 13,8 % ołowiu, 0,4 % miedzi, 0,06 % niklu. Prace prowadzono w małej skali laboratoryjnej. Uzyskane rezultaty potwierdziły, że zastosowana metoda jest skuteczna. Najefektywniej proces ługowania bakteryjnego w hałdzie przebiegał dla cynku – uzysk 28 % w czasie 96 dni.

18

A comparison of uranium recovery from low-grade ore by bioleaching and acid leaching

Szolucha M. M., Chmielewski A. G.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2017

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Vol. 53, iss. 1

136--149

EN

The objective of this work was to compare the bioleaching with the acid leaching of uranium under similar process conditions within 65 days. The low-grade uranium ore used in the experiments was collected from Radoniow’s ‘small’ dump, Poland. Bioleaching and acid leaching studies were carried out in identical columns. The isolated bacterial consortium from the Radoniow’s mine was used for the bioleaching process. A solution of sulphuric acid and H2O2 as oxidizing agent was used for the acid leaching. The extraction of uranium under acid leaching conditions reached maximum of 64±13 % w/w after 31 days. The bioleaching of uranium achieved a maximum extraction of 75±15 % w/w after 55 days. In this study an attempt was made to demonstrate the relationship between the shrinking-core model and the experimental data by plotting the fractional conversion of uranium against time.

19

Long-term planning for open pits for mining sulphide-oxide ores in order to achieve maximum profit

Krzanovic D., Conic V., Stevanovic D., Kolonja B., Vaduveskovic J.

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2017

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Vol. 62, no. 4

807--824

EN

Profitable exploitation of mineralised material from the earth’s crust is a complex and difficult task that depends on a comprehensive planning process. Answering the question of how to plan production depends on the geometry of the deposit, as well as the concentration, distribution, and type of minerals in it. The complex nature of mineral deposits largely determines the method of exploitation and profitability of mining operations. In addition to unit operating costs and metal prices, the optimal recovery of and achievement of maximum profit from deposits of sulphide-oxide ores also depend, to a significant extent, on the level of technological recovery achieved in the ore processing procedure. Therefore, in defining a long-term development strategy for open pits, special attention must be paid to the selection of an optimal procedure for ore processing in order to achieve the main objective: maximising the Net Present Value (NPV). The effect of using two different processes, flotation processing and hydrometallurgical methods (bioleaching acid leaching), on determining the ultimate pit is shown in the case of the Kraku Bugaresku-Cementacija sulphide-oxide ore deposit in eastern Serbia. Analysis shows that the application of hydrometallurgical methods of processing sulphide-oxide ore achieved an increase in NPV of 20.42%.

PL

Przynosząca zyski eksploatacja kopalin wydobywanych ze skorupy ziemskiej jest zadaniem złożonym i trudnym, wymagającym całościowego planowania. Aby określić w jaki sposób zaplanować prace wydobywcze, należy uwzględnić geometrię złoża, a także rozkład, koncentrację i rodzaj zawartych w złożu minerałów. Złożony charakter złóż minerałów w dużej mierze determinuje wybór metod wydobycia oraz poziom zysków. Obok jednostkowych kosztów produkcji oraz cen metali, optymalna eksploatacja złóż rud siarczkowych i osiągniecie maksymalnych zysków w dużej mierze zależą także od zastosowanych technologii uzyskiwania metalu z rud. Przy definiowaniu długoterminowej strategii wydobycia rud w kopalni odkrywkowej uwzględnić także należy wybór optymalnej metody obróbki rud w celu uzyskania założonego celu: maksymalizacji wartości bieżącej netto (NPV – Net Present Value). Wykorzystanie dwóch procesów: flotacji oraz metod hydro-metalurgicznych (bio-wypłukiwanie, ługowanie) przedstawiono dla rozważanego przypadku kopalni odkrywkowej rudy siarczkowej eksploatującej złoże w regionie Kraku-Bugaresku-Cementacija we wschodniej Serbii. Analizy wskazały, że zastosowanie metod hydro-metalurgicznych zapewnia wzrost wartości bieżącej netto o 20.42%.

20

Closing the Loop: Key Role of Iron in Metal-Bearing Waste Recycling

Sedlakova-Kadukova J., Marcincakova R., Mrazikova A., Willner J., Fornalczyk A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

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Vol. 62, iss. 3

1459--1466

EN

The role of iron in metal-bearing waste bioleaching was studied. Four various types of waste (printed circuit boards (PCBs), Ni-Cd batteries, alkaline batteries and Li-ion batteries) were treated by bioleaching using the acidophilic bacteria A. ferrooxidans and A. thiooxidans (separately or in mixture). Role of main leaching agents (Fe3+ ions or sulphuric acid) was simulated in abiotic experiments. Results showed that oxidation abilities of Fe3+ ions were crucial for recovery of Cu and Zn from PCBs, with the efficiencies of 88% and 100%, respectively. To recover 68% of Ni from PCBs, and 55% and 100% of Ni and Cd, respectively, from Ni-Cd batteries both oxidation action and hydrolysis of Fe3+ were required. The importance of Fe2+ ions as a reducing agent was showed in bioleaching of Co from Li-ion batteries and Mn from alkaline batteries. The efficiency of the processes has increased by 70% and 40% in Co and Mn bioleaching, respectively, in the presence of Fe2+ ions. Based on the results we suggest the integrated biometallurgical model of metal-bearing waste recycling in the effort to develop zero-waste and less energy-dependent technologies.