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1

Reduction of Microalgae by Copper Ion in Impressed Current Anti Fouling System for Biofouling Prevention in Saline Environment

Pratikno Herman, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Handayanu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 2

80--87

EN

The biofouling causes corrosion in marine environment, also known as the biological corrosion. The biological corrosion occurs in the metal material on coastal buildings, offshore buildings, port buildings and shipboard. One method to prevent the biological corrosion is ICAF (Impressed Current Anti-Fouling). The study on the microalgae that cause biofouling was conducted in laboratory scale using a simple ICAF system. The variables were the operating time of the simple ICAF system, the strength of the electric current and the species of microalgae. The determination of cell number of microalgae was conducted using a Neubauer improved Hemocytomete method, while determination of the concentration of Cu ion was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The aim of the research was to determine of microalgae, Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp, population reduction using ICAF system. On the basis of the results, the highest population reduction occurred in Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp reaching 77.5% and 50%, respectively. The highest concentration of Cu that was produced during the operation of the simple ICAF system reached 4.08 ± mg/L. In conclusion, ion Cu that was produced during the operation of the simple ICAF system can reduce the cell number of Isochrysis galbana and Botryococcus sp.

2

Wpływ bakterii nitkowatych na obrastanie błon w zanurzonym bioreaktorze membranowym na przykładzie oczyszczalni ścieków w Mikołajkach

Drzewicki Adam, Pesta Jarosław

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

|

2020

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Nr 4

10--13

PL

W artykule badano wpływ zwiększonej liczebności organizmów nitkowatych w osadzie czynnym na działanie oczyszczalni membranowej (MBR). Badania prowadzono w skali technicznej w oczyszczalni ścieków komunalnych w Mikołajkach pracującej z modułem filtracyjnym MFM 300. Wykazano, że wysoka liczebność mikroorganizmów nitkowatych przyczyniała się do trwałego oblepiania membran grubą błoną osadu czynnego, co wiązało się ze zmniejszeniem wydajności hydraulicznej oczyszczalni. Skutecznym rozwiązaniem problemu okazało się ograniczenie liczebności organizmów nitkowatych przez podanie chlorku poliglinu (PAX 18), średnio w ilości 3,00 g Al+3/kg smo przez okres 7 dni i następnie dawki 1,0 g Al+3/kg smo przez okres następnych 3 tygodni.

EN

The article investigates the effect of increased abundant filamentous bacteria in activated sludge on the membrane bioreactor (MBR). The experiment was conducted in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant in Mikołajki (Poland) working with the MFM 300 filter module. The study was shown that the high abundance of filamentous bacteria contributed to permanent thick biofilm formation on the membrane surface, which was associated with a reduction in the hydraulic capacity of the treatment plant. An effective solution to the problem was to reduce the abundance of filamentous organisms by application of aluminum salts (PAX 18, polyaluminium chloride), on average at 3.0 g Al3+/kg sdmd (sludge dry mass daily) for a period of 7 days and then a dose of 1.0 g Al3+/kg sdmd for the next 3 weeks.

3

Study on biofouling mechanism in IMBR for wastewater treatment with different temperatures

Yu Yaqin

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 2

3--11

EN

The main goal of the present study was to examine the operating characteristics and mechanisms of membrane fouling in integrated membrane bioreactors (IMBRs) at different temperatures. Two IMBRs, each with identical dimensions and configurations, were used in the study using synthetic domestic sewage at a low temperature (10°C) and high temperature (25°C). The results indicated that the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand reached 93–96%, but the membrane contribution rate of IMBR2 (10°C) was higher than that of IMBR1 (25°C). The separation burden of the membrane on organic compounds increased at low temperature, which may have sped up the rate of membrane biofouling. The absolute rate of trans-membrane pressure build-up was faster at low temperature, leading to shorter IMBR operating times. Soluble microbial products (SMPs) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in the IMBRs significantly increased at low temperature. These substances intensified deflocculation, with an accompanying reduction of floc size and the release of EPSs at low temperature, which facilitated the formation of cake foulants on the surface, covering the entire membrane area. The protein and polysaccharide concentrations of SMPs and EPSs in the IMBRs were correlated with the concentration of C8-HSL. It was demonstrated that temperature affected the concentration of C8-HSL, which controlled the excretion of EPSs and SMPs and thus the membrane biofouling process.

4

Recruitment patterns of the solitary ascidian Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 on artificial substrates submerged in the central Red Sea, Saudi Arabia

Al-Sofyani Abdul Mohsin A, Satheesh Sathianeson

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 3

262--269

EN

The solitary ascidian Phallusia nigra is commonly found on hard substrates along the Jeddah coastal waters of the central Red Sea. In this study, the recruitment pattern of P. nigra on artificial substrates was assessed in relation to their type, surface color and orientation. The results showed a higher recruitment rate of the ascidian species on concrete and dark panels. The abundance of the ascidian on test panels varied between the four seasons. The orientation (vertical or horizontal) of the panels did not show any major difference in the recruitment. Significant effects of light intensityon the recruitment of P. nigra were observed on test panels, with higher abundance on panels submerged in the shade. In conclusion, this study clearly indicates the importance of the type and color of substrates in the recruitment of ascidians on artificial materials.

5

Ultrasonic implementation of nanoparticles on polymeric filtration materials

Majcher Andrzej, Kowalik-Klimczak Anna

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

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2019

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no. 1

69--76

EN

Biofouling is a phenomenon that adversely affects the efficiency of filtration hindering wide the application of filtration materials. One of the methods for biofouling prevention is coating of antibacterial nanoparticles on a surface of filters and membranes using ultrasound. In the paper, the possibility of using an ultrasonic method was evaluated to implement nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) and zinc oxide (ZnO) on polymeric filtration materials via different types of transducers and selected parameters of the ultrasound generator. Ultrasonic methods of modification were found to be efficient in terms of imparting antibacterial properties; however, the functional additives coated on polymeric materials were characterized by poor resistance to leaching. Thus, further work needs to be performed to improve the adhesion and stability of nanoparticles onto polymeric materials to enable the generation of filtration materials characterized by high stability during real operating conditions.

PL

Biofouling materiałów filtracyjnych jest zjawiskiem niekorzystnie wpływającym na efektywność filtracji i hamującym wprowadzanie tej technologii w nowe obszary zastosowań. Jedną z metod zapobiegania biofoulingowi jest modyfikacja powierzchni membran antybakteryjnymi nanocząstkami. W artykule opisano prace studialne nad wykorzystaniem do tego celu metody nanoszenia ultradźwiękowego. Przedstawiono konstrukcje i parametry zestawionych stanowisk do generacji ultradźwięków, wyniki procesów nanoszenia nanocząstek tlenku tytanu i tlenku cynku, wpływ głównych parametrów procesu na strukturę uzyskiwanych pokryć. Oceniono ich właściwości antybakteryjne oraz odporność na wymywanie. Określono kierunki dalszych prac mających na celu wytworzenie metodą ultradźwiękową materiałów filtracyjnych charakteryzujących się stabilno- ścią podczas pracy w warunkach rzeczywistych.

6

Fouling organiczny i biofouling w ciśnieniowych technikach membranowych

Sąkol-Sikora Dorota

Energetyka Cieplna i Zawodowa

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2019

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Nr 6

30--33

PL

Poważnym ograniczeniem dla ciśnieniowych technik membranowych, stosowanych w procesach oczyszczania ścieków i produkcji wody, jest postępujące zjawisko foulingu, czyli blokowania przepływu przez membranę.

7

Korozja biologiczna i roślinność a trwała ruina

Trochonowicz Maciej, Klimek Beata, Lisiecki Daniel

Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego

|

2018

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Nr 6

201--212

PL

W artykule przedstawiono mechanizmy biodegradacji struktur w obiektach historycznych przeznaczonych do ekspozycji w postaci trwalej ruiny oraz zasady postępowania przy usuwaniu niepożądanej roślinności w tychże obiektach. Szczególną uwagę poświecono zagadnieniom związanym z różnorodnością uszkodzeń spowodowanych przez organizmy żywe. Zaprezentowano zasady postępowania przy usuwaniu zarówno glonów porostów i grzybów, jak również procedury działania przy zwalczaniu niepożądanej roślinności wyższej.

EN

The article presents the mechanisms of biodegradation of structures in permanent ruins. There are also principles of proceeding in removing undesirable vegetation in these objects. Particular attention was paid to issues related to the diversity of damage caused by biological organisms. Rules for the removal of lichens, algae and fungi algae as well as the procedures for removing unwanted higher plants are presented.

8

Microfouling development on artificial substrates deployed in the central Red Sea

Balqadi A. A., Salama A. J., Satheesh S.

Oceanologia

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2018

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No. 60 (2)

219--231

EN

Microfouling is the initial step in the growth of biofouling on hard substrata submerged in marine waters. In this study, microfouling development on nylon nets submerged in the central Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia was analyzed during the winter and summer seasons for a period of 5 days each. The results showed a well-established biofilm community on nylon nets submerged for 24 h, with bacteria and diatoms being the primary colonizers. Protein was the major organic component of the biofilm that developed on the nylon nets during the winter and summer seasons. Navicula spp., Nitzschia spp., Cylindrotheca spp., and Pluerosigma spp. were the dominant diatom species settled on the nylon nets. Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis, Planomicrobium sp., Vibrio harveyi and Pseudoalteromonas rubra were the dominant bacteria isolated from the nylon nets. While the abundance of bacteria showed a positive correlation with the nutrient concentration of the biofilm during both winter and summer seasons, diatom density exhibited a significant positive relationship with the biofilm nutrients during the winter season only. The results also revealed significant seasonal variations in the abundance of microfouling organisms and accumulation of nutrients on nylon nets.

9

Biological corrosion and vegetation in the aspect of permanent ruin

Trochonowicz Maciej, Klimek Beata, Lisiecki Daniel

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2018

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Vol. 17, nr 4

17--26

EN

The article presents the mechanisms of biodegradation of structures of historical objects intended for exposure in the form of a permanent ruin, and principles of proceeding in removing undesirable vegetation in these objects. Particular attention was paid to issues related to the diversity of damage caused by living organisms. Rules for the removal of algae, lichens, and fungi as well as the operating procedures for removing unwanted higher plants are presented.

10

Artificial hard substrate as a habitat for hard bottom benthic assemblages in the southern part of the Baltic Sea : a preliminary study

Brzana R., Janas U.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 1

121--130

EN

Benthic species associated with hard substrate are known to form communities characterized by high abundance and biomass. Although the bottom of the Southern Baltic Sea is dominated by soft sediments, such communities find favorable conditions to thrive on artificial substrates of offshore constructions. The aim of this research was to characterize both short-term and long-term benthic communities associated with artificial hard bottom provided by man-made structures in the Southern Baltic Sea. Species composition as well as the abundance and biomass were examined at various sites. An inactive World War II torpedo testing facility in the Gulf of Gdansk served as a site for sampling long-term communities while short-term communities were sampled using settlement panels and PVC cylinders. Panels were deployed at the torpedo testing facility for 127 days. PVC cylinders were deployed for 141-190 days in the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone. Twenty six macrofaunal taxa, including 12 crustaceans, were identified during the research. Mytilus edulis and Amphibalanus improvisus were the most abundant invertebrates at sampled surfaces. Six non-indigenous species were found. For the first time adult individuals of Mytilopsis leucophaeata were found in the Polish Marine Areas indicating that it is possible for this nonindigenous species to reproduce in this region.

11

Antibiofilm and antifouling activities of extracellular polymeric substances isolated from the bacteria associated with marine gastropod Turbo sp.

Viju N., Satheesh S., Punitha S. M. J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 1

11--19

EN

The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by the bacteria associated with the gastropod Turbo sp. were isolated and screened for antibacterial activity against biofilm-forming bacteria. EPS of five out of 13 strains showed inhibitory activities in the antibacterial assay. Furthermore, the antibiofilm and antifouling activity of the most active EPS isolated from the strain KT1 was studied using various in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Results revealed that EPS significantly inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of bacteria. Furthermore, the antifouling coating developed with bacterial EPS considerably reduced the recruitment of fouling organisms on coated surfaces submerged in the seawater. The functional groups present in EPS, characterized by strong activity,were analyzed using FT-IR and the spectrum showed the presence of alcohol, amines, carboxylic acid and esters. The bacterium responsible for the production of bioactive EPS was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using the 16S rRNA gene. Since the findings of this study revealed the antibiofilm and antifouling activities of EPS, further long term field tests and characterization of the bioactive compound of the EPS could lead to the development of eco-friendly antifouling coating.

12

Biofouling, czyli porastanie statków – systemy zwalczania i wpływ na środowisko morskie

Kielich K, Kozyra D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

|

2014

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nr 83

89--97

PL

W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problem porastania elementów statku, mających bezpośredni kontakt z wodą. Jest to jeden z czynników powodujący wzrost kosztów eksploatacji statków. Zaprezentowano również wymagania dotyczące farb antyporostowych oraz substancje szkodliwe w nich zawarte. Artykuł przedstawia, jak bardzo ważne dla statków są powłoki antyporostowe, jednocześnie ukazując ich negatywny wpływ na środowisko morskie. Omawia również, od czego zależy szybkość i stopień porastania kadłuba statku przez faunę i florę morską.

EN

In article attention was drawn to the problems with fouling elements of ship, that have direct contact with water. It is one of the factors causing increase the cost of exploitation of ships. It also presents requirements of antifoouling paints and contained in them harmful substances. The paper presents as very important are antifouling shell for the ships, but also reveals how adversely affect them on the marine environment. Finally, it include dependance of rate and quantity of overgrowing hull by marine flora and fauna.

13

The effect of hull biofouling on parameters characterising ship propulsion system efficiency

Tarełko W.

Polish Maritime Research

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2014

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nr 4

27--34

EN

One of most important issues concerning technical objects is the increase of their operating performance. For a ship this performance mainly depends on the efficiency of its main propulsion system and the resistance generated during its motion on water. The overall ship resistance, in turn, mainly depends on the hull friction resistance, closely related with the presence of different types of roughness on the hull surface, including underwater part biofouling. The article analyses the effect of hull biofouling on selected parameters characterising the efficiency of the ship propulsion system with adjustable propeller. For this purpose a two-year research experiment was performed on a sailing vessel during its motor navigation phases. Based on the obtained results, three groups of characteristics were worked out for different combinations of engine rotational speed and adjustable propeller pitch settings. The obtained results have revealed that the phenomenon of underwater hull biofouling affects remarkably the parameters characterizing propulsion system efficiency. In particular, the development of the biofouling layer leads to significant reduction of the speed of navigation.

14

Larval development and settlement of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite from the Red Sea : Influence of the nauplii hatching season

Al-Aidaroos A.M., Satheesh S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2014

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Vol. 43, No. 2

170--177

EN

Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite adults were collected from the Jeddah coast of the Red Sea during different seasons. The nauplii released by adults in autumn, winter, spring and summer were reared under laboratory conditions to know the larval development duration and settlement in relation to the hatching season. The nauplii reared during winter (11 days) and autumn (13 days) took longer to reach the cypris stage compared to nauplii reared in summer (6 days) and spring (7 days). The most successful settlement of larvae was observed in spring and summer and the least successful — in winter. The observations of gonads showed that summer and spring are the active breeding season for A. amphitrite in the Red Sea. The results of this study indicated that the nauplii hatching season plays a significant role in the larval development and settlement of barnacles in the Red Sea.

15

Freshwater green algal biofouling of boats in the Kabul River, Pakistan

Khuram I., Ahmad N., Jan S., Barinova S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2014

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Vol. 43, No. 4

329--336

EN

Freshwater green algal biofouling of boats refers to the accrual of freshwater green algae on boats immersed in water. The current research focused on the morphological characteristics of the isolates, species ecology, and the physicochemical properties of the water at the sampling sites. Two localities, Haji Zai and Sardaryab, were sampled at the Kabul River in the district of Charsadda, Pakistan. Freshwater green algae causing biofouling were isolated from the boats. A total of three genera: Cladophora, Rhizoclonium, and Spirogyra with fifteen species belonging to the families Cladophoraceae and Zygnemataceae were observed. Statistical analysis reveals significant stimulation of green algal species in the boats’ fouled communities by increases in water temperature, conductivity, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The algal growth at the Haji Zai site is suppressed by TDS in autumn (Pearson −0.56) and is stimulated by water temperature in spring (Pearson 0.44). At the Sardaryab site, algae were stimulated in spring by pH of water (Pearson 0.61), and suppressed by Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in autumn (Pearson −0.43). Statistical analysis indicates that pH, conductivity, and temperature are the main factors determining the algal biofouling in the Kabul River.

16

Bio-fouling: prevention by the use of functionalized materials

Skowroński J., Mroczkowska A.

Problemy Eksploatacji

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2013

|

nr 3

27--36

EN

Microbial biofilm formation called bio-fouling causes both epidemiological and technological problems by increasing material and energy demand. Due to growing microbial resistance, currently used methods of prevention have become less effective. The use of novel functionalized materials is considered a stable, non-specific, and widely effective approach. Material modification can be achieved by changing its chemical composition and surface properties such as roughness and charge. This paper presents the current state of the art focusing on the potential application in the industry and methodology for testing such novel materials. The antimicrobial activity was examined against representatives of Gram–positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria in static (plate assay) and dynamic conditions (batch culture).

PL

Powstawanie biofilmu mikrobiologicznego na powierzchni materiału, zwane bio-foulingiem, stwarza potencjalne zagrożenie epidemiologiczne i/lub utrudnia przebieg procesów przemysłowych przez zwiększenie ich materiało- i energochłonności. Wobec rosnącej odporności drobnoustrojów na stosowane obecnie metody zapobiegawcze konieczne staje się poszukiwanie materiałów funkcjonalizowanych, zdolnych do stabilnego, niespecyficznego i efektywnego hamowania rozwoju bakterii na ich powierzchni. W niniejszym opracowaniu zaproponowano metodykę oceny właściwości przeciwdrobnoustrojowych prototypowych membran funkcjonalizowanych. Ich skuteczność określano względem reprezentatywnych szczepów Escherichia coli i Bacillus subtilis.

17

Hydroid Gonothyraea loveni found on the straightnose pipefish (Nerophis ophidion) in the Gulf of Gdańsk : symbiosis, parasitism or biofouling?

Dziubińska A., Sapota M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 3

332--335

EN

Straightnose pipefish (Nerophis ophidion), covered with hydroid Gonothyraea loveni, were caught in August 2010 near Gdynia while fishing with fyke nets. The hydroid colonies were spaced around the fish, from the head to the anus. These colonies seemed to cause serious problems with the balance and swimming ability of the fish. It appears that there are no symbiotic or parasitic relationships between the hydroid and the fish. The fish was probably just another substrate for G. loveni and became colonized by fouling on the skin surface. It should also be taken into consideration that hydroid colonies can move from place to place with their fish host. It is possible that the hydroid benefits from the fish active search for planktonic food.

18

Exposure to chlorine affects the extracellular polymeric substance production and cell surface hydrophobicity in biofilm bacteria

Rathi R., Satheesh S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 4

17-24

EN

Chlorination is a common antifouling method adopted by industrial units to minimize the fouling growth on cooling systems. In the present study, the effect of sodium hypochlorite on extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, hydrophobicity, cell adhesion and viability of marine bacteria involved in biofilm formation were assessed in laboratory condition. Two bacterial strains, tentatively identified as Alteromonas sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the surface of seaweeds were used as test organisms for the present study. The bacterial cultures were treated with sodium hypochlorite at 25% of the minimum inhibitory concentration. Results showed considerable variation in the production of EPS, viable counts, hydrophobicity and adhesion ability of bacteria treated with sodium hypochlorite. In general, the present study indicated that chlorination affects some important characteristics involved in the biofilm formation and thereby reduces the adhesion rate on surfaces.

19

Biofouling statków i sposoby jego zwalczania

Domański J., Cieślak J., Borowski S.

Ochrona przed Korozją

|

2011

|

nr 11

622-626

PL

Zjawisko biofoulingu polega na tworzeniu się biofilmu przy udziale mikroorganizmów wydzielających EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) oraz jego późniejszą kolonizacje przez florę i faunę wodną. Gatunki te powodują problemy natury technicznej, ekonomicznej i ekologicznej. W przypadku statków obrastanie powierzchni powoduje wzrost zużycia paliwa, wiąże się to m.in. ze wzrostem chropowatości powierzchni, co powoduje zwiększenie oporu środowiska i spadek mocy silnika. Dodatkowym niebezpieczeństwem jest fakt przenoszenia organizmów żywych do nowych ekosystemów. Inwazyjne gatunki są zagrożeniem dla globalnej różnorodności biologicznej oraz dla lokalnych ekosystemów, gdyż konkurują z miejscowymi gatunkami, m.in. zajmując ich nisze pokarmowe i ekologiczne, nierzadko doprowadzając do ich wyginięcia. Biofouling podobnie jak środowisko wodne prowadzi do korozji materiałów technicznych. Do budowy konstrukcji używanych w środowisku wodnym używa się drewna, betonu, laminatu oraz stopów metalu. Każdy z tych materiałów ma inną podatność na korozję oraz biofouling. Występowanie tego zjawiska jest uzależnione m.in. od rodzaju środowiska wodnego, szybkości poruszania się statku lub rodzaju stosowanych zabezpieczeń. W celu zapobiegania porastaniu stosuje się głównie farby przeciwporostowe, których składnikiem są biocydy zapobiegające rozwojowi organizmów żywych. Początkowo używano tlenków miedzi, niezbyt dawno związków cyny, np. TBT (tributylocyna), jednakże z powodu wysokiej toksyczności zastępowane są one preparatami nowych generacji opartymi na polimerach czy silikonie.

EN

The phenomenon of biofouling is based on the formation of biofilm through the action of microorganisms producing extracellular polymeric substances, and further colonization of the film by aquatic flora and faunaleading to various technical, economical, and ecological problems. The fouling layer which has accumulated on a ship is responsible for higher fuel consumption due to an increase in surface roughness , which results in higher flow resistance and a drop in engine power. The transmission of living organisms to new ecosystems is an additional danger. Invasive species are harmful for global biodiversity as well as for local ecosystems since they compete with autochthonous species, i.e. they occupy their ecological and food niches. Biofouling, like the water environment itself, also leads to biodeterioration of the technical materials used by people. Constructions used in water environments are made of wood, concrete, laminate or metal alloys. Each material mentioned above has different susceptibility to deterioration and biofouling. The intensity of this phenomenon is affected by the kind of aqueous environment, moving speed or the type of chemicals used as preservatives, etc. To avoid fouling by organisms, antifouling coating paints are usually used. They contain biocides that prevent the growth of living organisms. Once copper oxides were used, nowadays TBT (tributyltin) is frequently applied, however due to its high toxicity, new compounds based on polymers or silicone are being introduced.

20

The role of nanotechnology in improving marine antifouling coatings

Szewczyk P.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Morska w Szczecinie

|

2010

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nr 24 (96)

118-123

EN

To avoid the growth of organisms of different types on surfaces in a marine or freshwater environment usually coatings incorporating biocides (chemicals that kill organisms) are used. Instead of these biocide containing coatings there exist several approaches of nanostructuring the surfaces which prevents biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion as well as the attachment of larger organisms. In this paper results of a preliminary literature review on the potential role of nanotechnology in solving ecological problems concerning antifouling coatings are presented.

PL

W celu zapobieżenia wzrostowi organizmów różnych rodzajów na powierzchniach w środowisku wody morskiej lub słodkiej zwykle stosuje się powłoki zawierające biocydy (chemikalia, które zabijają organizmy). Zamiast powłok zawierających te biocydy można skorzystać z kilku sposobów, które na powierzchni tworzą nanostruktury zapobiegające powstawaniu biofilmu i adhezji bakterii, jak również przyczepianiu się większych organizmów. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki wstępnego przeglądu literatury odnośnie roli nanotech-nologii w rozwiązywaniu ekologicznych problemów związanych z powłokami przeciwporostowymi.