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Modelling Assisted Phytoremediation of Landfill Leachate using Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Enhanced by Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta

Ugya Adamu Yunusa, Meguellati Kamel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

226--236

EN

The current study is aiming to expose the efficiency of surface flow constructed wetland (CW) assisted by Pistia stratiote and Salvinia molesta in the remediation of landfill leachates. A laboratory-scale surface flow constructed wetland was constructed to imitate the characteristic of a natural pond. Composite sample of leachates was collected and transported to the laboratory for further analysis and studies. The removal efficiency of phenol, pesticides, sulphate, chloride, colour, turbidity, total suspend solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrate and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Hg)). The removal of heavy metal ions in the CW was determined by using a phyto-system dynamic (phyto-SDA) model while the composite design (CCD) type of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in this study for the optimization of pesticides and phenol removal from the landfill leachates by the constructed wetland (CW). The study also predicts that the deviation from the linearity between the heavy metals in the leachates and heavy metals in the sediment and in the plant tissues is influenced by the physicochemical status of the leachate and the mixed cultivation of Pistia stratiote and Salvinia molesta. The study reaffirms the role of sediments in the determination of the fate of heavy metals due to its crucial role in the bioavailability of heavy metals for uptake by P. stratiotes and S. molesta in a CW. The study also shows a positive effect of concentration and exposure time on the reduction efficiency of both pesticides and phenol. The result shows that exposure time and concentration of phenol and pesticides are useful in the optimization of the removal efficiency of pesticides and phenol.

2

The Ability of Mangrove Plant on Lead Phytoremediation at Wonorejo Estuary, Surabaya, Indonesia

Luthansa Uridna Marwah, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

253--268

EN

Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal often discovered to be polluting the water areas. One of the efforts made to overcome the heavy metal pollution in estuaries was phytoremediation technique using mangroves. The Wonorejo River was one of the rivers that received industrial waste loads. There were various types of mangrove plant species at the estuary of the Wonorejo River. The location of this research was divided into 3 monitoring stations (A, B, C). Station A was directly adjacent to the estuary, as location C was farther away and very close to the sea. However, station B was located between location A and B. This study aimed to determine the ability of mangrove in remediating and illustrating the distribution of Pb, at the Wonorejo River estuary. Moreover, it also aimed to determine the values of Bioconcentration (BCF) and Translocation (TF) Factors in the ability of Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia lanata, and Rhizophora stylosa to accumulate Pb. The samples were the roots, stems, and leaves of mangroves, with the water and sediment at the Wonorejo estuary, as all solid materials were also extracted. The samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentration, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the highest average Pb concentration for waters and sediments was obtained at station C and A, with values of 0.069 mg/L and 4.22 mg/kg, respectively. It was further observed that the Pb concentration in the water was lower than in sediment, indicating that the metal was accumulated in the sediments. On the basis of the BCF value, the most effective mangrove involved in the accumulation of Pb was A. alba. The highest values of TF for both root to stems and to leaves in the accumulation of Pb was also discovered in A. lanata and A. alba mangroves, respectively. On the basis of the Pb distribution mapping, the concentration of the metal was shown to increased, as the research location moved further away from the estuary. Conclusively, each type of mangrove had different ability to accumulate and translocate Pb in its body, with the potential of using those plants as phytoremediaton agents for the metal.

3

Treatment of Heavy Metals From Water by Electro-Phytoremediation Technique

Harikumar P. S. P, Megha T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 5

18--26

EN

The performance of electrically stimulated phytoremediation in the removal of lead, cadmium and copper was assessed in this study. A combination of phyto and electro remediation was attempted in this study for the remediation of the metals from water. Three tanks were setup with different operating conditions for this experiment: control A (only phytoremediation system), control B (only electro remediation) and treatment (combination of phyto and electro remediation). The electrically enhanced phytoremediation system and electro remediation system were operated 2h/day at voltages of 4V for 25 days continuously. In this experiment, the Eichhornia crassipes, an able phytoremediator exhibited efficient and fast removal of heavy metals from synthetic solution in electro assisted phytoremediation system. The electrically enhanced phytoremediation using aluminum sheet electrodes showed better and effective removal of Cd, Pb and Cu than aluminum rod electrodes. A more favorable and moderate increase of pH was noticed in electrically stimulated phytoremediation system. Eichhornia crassipes has tremendous potential to reduce maximum amount of cadmium (within 15 days), lead (within 15 days) and copper (within 10 days) under electrically stimulated condition. Under electrified condition, maximum amount of Cd and Cu was accumulated in the aerial parts of Eichhornia crassipes but maximum concentration of Pb was attained by roots. This indicates the high heavy metal accumulation capacity of Eichhornia crassipes under electrified conditions. The results showed that 4V voltage is probably suitable to stimulate the Eichhornia crassipes to synthesize more chlorophyll and voltage can improve growth and ability to resist adverse circumstances by promoting chlorophyll synthesis. Eichhornia crassipes stimulated by an electric field has grown better and assimilated more metal. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) an index of hyperaccumulation, indicates that electrically stimulated Eichhornia crassipes is a good hyper accumulator of Cd (BCF = 1118.18) and Cu (BCF = 1152.47) and a moderate accumulator of Pb (BCF = 932.26). Translocation ability (TA) ratio indicates that Eichhornia crassipes have the ability to translocate more amounts of Pb, Cd and Cu to its upper portion under electrified condition. The results imply that the electro-phytoremediation technique seems to be promising in the treatment of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals.

4

Comparing Carex Species of Mid-Forest Spring Ecosystems in Terms of Ability to Accumulate Macro- and Microelements

Parzych A. E., Sobisz Z., Jonczak J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 5

125--136

EN

The aim of the research was to compare the accumulative macro- and microelements in the shoots of Carex acutiformis, Carex echinata, Carex paniculata, Carex remota and Carex rostrata. The content of components in the shoots of the plants was analyzed in relation the chemical composition of the soil. The research was done within the area of four mid-forest spring niches situated in the valley of a tributary of the Słupia River located within the area of Leśny Dwór Forest Inspectorate (Northern Poland). The examined species of Carex, in comparison to other plants in spring niches, were characterized by an average capacity to accumulate both macro- and microelements, which results in little interest in these species when planning artificial buffer zones. Out of the analyzed species, the shoots of C. echinata accumulated the largest quantities of Mg, Zn and Mn, the shoots of C. paniculata –Fe, C. remota – K, Ni, Al and Sr, C. acutiformis – N and P, and the shoots of C. rostrata –Ca and Cu. Similarities between the species of Carex, which resulted from their accumulative properties, were discovered. C. echinata and C. rostrata were characterized by high levels of bioconcentration factors (BF) for Sr, Cu and Ca and low BF for K. C. paniculata and C. remota represented high BF levels for Ni and Mg and low BF levels for Sr, Al, Mn, Cu, Ca, Fe and N. On the other hand, C. acutiformis was characterized by high BF levels for P, K and Mn. In spite of an average accumulative capacity, the examined species of Carex were characterized by highly developed surface and underground zones which had effective impact on the retention of pollutants.

5

Accumulation of metal ions in selected plants from Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae families

Szczodrowska A., Kulbat K., Smolińska B., Leszczyńska J.

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2016

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Vol. 80, nr 1

29--42

EN

This paper examines the accumulation of metal ions from soil in selected edible plants belonging to the Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae families. The effect of metal ions on factors, such as growth and morphology are also investigated. The results indicate that the addition of selected metal ions to the soil significantly increases the concentration of metal ions in the plants. The application of zinc ions significantly enhances Zn uptake in Ocimum basilicum and Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae family). Nickel ions significantly increase Ni accumulation in Lepidium sativum (Brassiaceae family). The research shows that nickel, zinc and copper accumulate in leaves at different concentrations depending on the plant species.

6

Evaluation of metal uptake factors of native trees colonizing an abandoned copper mine e a quest for phytostabilization

Nirola R., Megharaj M., Palanisami T., Aryal R., Venkateswarlu K., Naidu R.

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2015

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Vol. 14, iss. 3

115--123

EN

Accumulation and enrichment of heavy metals in the above ground parts of Australian native Acacia pycnantha (Ap) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Ec) growing in an abandoned copper mine located in Kapunda, South Australia have been studied. Cu and other metals (Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb) in plants and corresponding soils were analysed to evaluate plant interaction with soils containing heavy metals. As per the total metal analysis of leaf and corresponding soil samples, Ap accumulated 93.6 mg kgˉ¹ of Cu in leaf while the corresponding soil concentration was 1632 mg kgˉ¹. The Ec accumulated 5341 mg kgˉ¹ of Cu in leaf while the concentration of this heavy metal in soil was 65 mg kgˉ¹ in soil. The ESEM spectral analysis also showed a high leaf concentration of Cu in Ec (7%) as against only 0.12% in Ap. The average bioconcentration factor for Cu, Zn,Cd and Pb in Ec wasmuch higher than that of Ap. Similarly, enrichment factor was more in Ec for Cu, Zn and Pb than in Ap. In contrast, translocation factor for only Zn and Cd was high in Ap. This study points out that Ec and Ap have different stabilising potential in remediating heavy metals like Cu in mined soils.

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Metals uptake by wastewater irrigated vegetables and their daily dietary intake in Peshawar, Pakistan

Khan S. A., Liu X., Shah B. R., Fan W., Li H., Khan S. B., Ahmad Z.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2015

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Vol. 22, nr 1

125--139

EN

Vegetables are important source of nutrients for human body. Wastewater irrigation may lead to contamination of these vegetables and cause possible health risk. In the present study impact of waste water irrigation on metals uptake (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb) by five commonly consumed vegetables (radish, cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower and spinach) grown in the suburbs of Peshawar were investigated using AAS (Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer). The uptake and accumulation of metals for vegetables irrigated with wastewater were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than tube well irrigated vegetables and permissible limits of WHO/FAO. Among the edible parts of vegetables maximum accumulation of Mn, Pb and Cd occurred in radish followed by Ni and Fe in spinach while Cr and Zn were high in cauliflower and cabbage. The estimated daily intake of metals (DIM) revealed that at present the consumption of studied vegetables were under the tolerable limits of (US-EPA, IRIS), however intake of metals in waste water irrigated vegetables were significantly high and can cause health hazards in the long run.

PL

Warzywa są ważnym źródłem składników odżywczych dla organizmu człowieka. Nawadnianie ściekami może prowadzić do zanieczyszczenia tych warzyw i powodować zagrożenie dla zdrowia. Zbadano wpływ nawadniania roślin ściekami na pobieranie metali (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Cr i Pb) przez pięć powszechnie spożywanych warzyw (rzodkiewka, kapusta, sałata, kalafior i szpinak), uprawianych na przedmieściach Peszawaru. Stężenia metali oznaczono za pomocą AAS (atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej). Pobieranie i akumulacja metali w warzywach nawadnianych ściekami były istotnie (p < 0,05) wyższe niż dopuszczalne granice podawane przez WHO/FAO. Wśród części jadalnych warzyw maksymalna akumulacja Mn, Pb i Cd wystąpiła w rzodkiewce, Ni i Fe w szpinaku, natomiast Cr i Zn w kalafiorze i kapuście. Oszacowane dzienne stężenie metali w diecie ludności wykazało, że obecna ich ilość w badanych warzywach mieściła się w dopuszczalnych granicach (US-EPA, IRIS), jednak stężenia metali w warzywach nawadnianych ściekami były wysokie, co może powodować zagrożenie dla zdrowia w dłuższym okresie.