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1

Canola oil electooxitadion on smooth platinum electrode

Włodarczyk P., Włodarczyk B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr III/1

589--598

EN

As fuel for fuel cells can be used various substances, but mainly fuel cells are powered by clear hydrogen (or hydrogen obtained from organic substances by reforming process). However, problems with the storage of hydrogen are the reason for the search of new fuels for fuel cells. Due to development of the renewable energy sources, the powering of fuel cells with bio-fuels is very important. Vegetable oil is an alternative fuel for diesel engines and for heating oil burners. Powering high efficiency power sources like fuel cells with renewable fuels (like canola oil) will allow development of renewable energy sources and elimination or reduce of toxic substances emissions. The paper presents the possibility of using canola oil as fuel for direct electricity production. The work shows possible electrooxidation of canola oil emulsion on a smooth platinum electrode in an solution of H2SO4. The resulting current density of canola oil electrooxidation reached the maximum level of 8 mA/cm2. So, the possibility of using canola oil as fuel for direct electricity production has been proved.

2

Ocena paliw ciekłych wytwarzanych laboratoryjnie z substratów olejowych

Tomczak E., Kępa O.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2016

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Vol. 10, No. 1

325--332

PL

W pracy przedstawiono laboratoryjny sposób produkcji bioestrów, które mogą być wykorzystywane do napędzania wysokoprężnych silników opartych na konstrukcji Rudolfa Diesla. Obecnie najpowszechniej stosowanym biopaliwem są estry metylowe kwasów tłuszczowych EMKT pochodzące z procesu transestryfikacji olejów spożywczych. W przeprowadzonych eksperymentach wykorzystano cztery substraty olejowe - olej rzepakowy, olej słonecznikowy, fryturę przemysłową oraz podczyszczoną fryturę stanowiącą odpad z przemysłu gastronomicznego. W ramach doświadczenia dokonano analizy wpływu rodzaju zastosowanego katalizatora oraz parametrów procesu, takich jak: temperatura środowiska reakcji oraz prędkość i czas mieszania reagentów na wydajność transestryfikacji oraz jakość produktów. Scharakteryzowano wytworzone paliwa, określając ich gęstość, lepkość oraz temperaturę zapłonu. W pracy omówiono także kryteria, jakie powinny zostać spełnione, aby wytworzone biopaliwa mogły zostać wykorzystane do napędzania silników samochodowych, a także przedstawiono podstawowe działania polityczne regulujące krajowy oraz europejski rynek biopaliw.

EN

The necessity of changing conventional petroleum fuels to another kind, which will has lower impact on the environment, had been noticed at the end of XIX century, when the constructor of compression-ignition engine - Rudolf Diesel - demonstrated to the world first engine powered by peanut oil. From that moment, the bio-fuels market has been developed extremely and became to be one of the most popular topics on the international political area. Nowadays, bio-esters are the most popular of alternative fuels, which can be made from natural comestible substrates. This article presents the laboratory way of bio-esters production from four oil substrates - rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, frying fat and waste oil from gastronomic industry. The aim of this experiment was to make an estimation of how some process parameters, such as a kind of catalyst, temperature of the reaction, time and speed of mixing reagents - could influence an efficiency of transesterification process and products quality. Estimation was made of fuels quality based on density, viscosity and the temperature of the flesh-point. Results of the experience gave the opportunity to choose the most economical and ecological method of laboratory bio-diesel production. Moreover this article includes a criteria which needed to be fulfilled to use the bio-fuels in cars engine. It also shows political aspects which regularize European bio-fuels area.

3

Wieloparametryczna klasyfikacja właściwości użytkowych biopaliw ciekłych : optymalizacja głowicy sensora

Borecki M., Szmidt J., Doroz P., Pszczółkowski P., Duk M., Kociubiński A., Korwin-Pawlowski M.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2013

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Vol. 54, nr 9

49-51

PL

Prezentowana praca dotyczy zagadnień optymalizacji konstrukcji głowicy czujnika do klasyfikacji właściwości użytkowych biopaliw ciekłych, przeznaczonych dla silników wysokoprężnych. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały, że zakładana klasyfikacja paliw jest możliwa na podstawie analizy lokalnego przejścia fazowego cieczy w gaz, które zachodzi w warunkach zbliżonych do wtrysku paliwa. Badanie takiego przejścia jest możliwe z zastosowaniem kapilar i optoelektronicznych metod detekcji. Podstawowym parametrem możliwym do wyznaczenia, niezależnie od konfiguracji głowicy, jest energia potrzebna do wytworzenia fazy gazowej. Natomiast w zależności od konfiguracji głowicy i optrody można wyznaczyć typ przepływu paliwa w kapilarze lub szybkość przejścia paliwa w fazę gazową. Obydwie informacje są ściśle powiązane z właściwościami użytkowymi biopaliwa. Do badań wykonano dwa typy głowic oraz dwa typy optrod kapilarnych. Okazało się, że optymalną konfigurację głowicy stanowi układ do oceny szybkości przejścia fazowego.

EN

This work concerns issues of optimization of the sensor head for the classification of liquid biofuels usability for diesel engines. The expected classification of fuels is possible on the basis of an analysis of the local phase transition of liquid to gas, which occurs in conditions similar to the fuel injection. An examination of such a transition is possible using capillaries and optoelectronic detection methods. The primary possible parameter to designate regardless of head configuration is the energy needed to generate of a gaseous phase. However, depending on the configuration of the head and optrode, you can designate the type of fuel flow in capillary or fuel gas phase transition speed. Both are closely linked to usability of biofuels. Two types of heads and two types of capillary optrod were used in examination. It turned out, that the optimum head configuration is circuit to evaluate the speed of the liquid to gas transition.

4

BMD bio - fuel for diesel engines

Sitnik L., Malinowski A., Matuszewska A., Biedrzycki J.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 1

365-370

EN

The paper regards the use of bio-blends consisting of vegetable oil and higher alcohol (biobutanol) as a new component of diesel fuels. The use of rapeseed oil as one of the components eliminates the need energy-intensive conversion rapeseed oil to FAME. The use of higher alcohol, such as a butanol obtained directly from biomass is in accordance with requirements of the EU on the promotion of renewable energy resources. Experiments on chassis dynamometer with fuels containing 20% by volume bio-blend (BM) and 80% of diesel fuels (D) were performed. Main parameters of engine (power output, torque, specific fuel consumption) and the main exhaust gas components (THC, CO, NOx and PM) showed very promising results. The properties of different alcohols and engine fuels, properties of investigated fuels, examples of investigations results on the car test chassis bed by NEDC test load and by fuelling the engine with investigated bmd20 and standard diesel fuel, relatives change of pollutants emission and fuel consumption by fuelling the car engine with BMD20 and Diesel fuel, the differences in emission and fuel consumption during fuelling the car engine with BMD20 and Diesel fuel recorded during the test bed investigation of the car, relatives change of pollutants emission and fuel consumption during engine fuelling with BMD20 and Diesel fuel are presented in the paper.

5

The assessment of "Jatropha" as raw material for BDF

Matsuda S., Rudyanto B., Kojima M., Herdiana W., Fujiwara E.

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2009

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Vol. 3, No. 4

18-20

EN

Prevention of global warming is becoming urgent issue and "biofuel" gathering worldwide attention has been put into practical use not only in US, EU, Brazil or other countries but in Japan. As for its impact on environment, however, evaluation still varies including aninfluence on global economy, for example food price crisis that might have been caused by competition with food. In the previous study [1], one of the authors pointed out that "bio-ethanol" from crops is never "carbon neutra", that means the production and use of the fuel does not lead to a net increase in atmospheric CO concentration, nor useful as a countermeasure against global warming. The "second-generatio" of bio-fuel made from nonfood biomass has attracted much attention especially after the Hokkaido Toyako G8 summit held in November 2008. Among various plants or biomass materials, "Jatropha" has come to the front as one of the most promising candidates for future bio-diesel production. In fact, there are many plans or projects aiming at large scale cultivating Jatropha for bio-diesel oil production in several African or Southeast-Asian countries. However, it should be pointed out that there are too many unknown factors still remaining that are important in practical use of Jatropha oil, for example, productivity as well as sustainability, long-term impact of its large-scale use on soil quality, practical costs of the oil and so on. In this study, an assessment on the validity of Jatropha production was tried as quantitatively as possible using the data obtained from a field survey in Indonesia conducted by the authors in January and March of 2009. Although LCI data for LCA calculations obtained was very limited, the true reality of the situation about Jatropha could substantially be demonstrated to some extent. The main point was that the oil cost was dominated mainly by labor costs, because many work operations could not be mechanized and inevitably be manual handling tasks. In many cases, the labor costs could not be covered by the income from the Jatropha oil (or seed) due to the low productivity of the biomass, whereas the prime cost of the biodiesel oil was rather high expensive compared with fossil fuel.

6

Preliminary investigations of the HCCI combustion system in a single cylinder research engine

Motyl K., Lisowski A.

Journal of KONES

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2007

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Vol. 14, No. 3

429-436

EN

This paper describes the results of the preliminary experimental research of the HCCI combustion system in a single cylinder research engine fuelled by means of natural gas containing 95% methane. In this research, influence of the initial temperature of the charge and mixture composition on the maximum combustion pressure, maximum speed of pressure growth, selfignition delay time, combustion time, maximum combustion temperature, heat release and combustion efficiency have been studied. The paper contains: description of the engine modification to adopt it for HCCI operation requirements, applied measurements equipment, selected results of the experimental research. The results shows that initial charge temperature and mixture composition (relative air/fuel ratio coefficient) have essential influence on the engine operating results. The experimental research has been conducted for the varied initial charge temperature from 140 centigrade up to 210 centigrade and for varied relative air/fuel ratio coefficient 1=1; 1=1.5; 1=1.7; 1=2. Maximum charge pressure, maximum speed of pressure growth selfignition delay time was rather unaffected on the initial charge temperature increase beyond 200 centigrade. Previous and current author's research works have indicated that extremely low emissions and high combustion efficiencies are possible to reach if homogeneous charge compression ignition is applied.