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Prediction of the bending and out-of-plane loading effects on formability response of the steel sheets

Peng Deping, Chen Shun, Darabi Roya, Ghabussi Aria, Habibi Mostafa

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

2021

Vol. 21, no. 2

563--575

Failure in sheet metal forming can occur by necking, fracture or wrinkling. By using a forming limit diagram (FLD) as a powerful tool to prevent sheets metal failures in the forming process, provides parameters controlling throughout forming. There are different developed methods for predicting FLDs, which estimate sheet metal forming strains limits. Assessment of FLD estimation reveals that there is a dependency between the effect of several factors containing normal stress, shear stress, sheet thickness, mechanical properties, metallurgical properties, yield function, strain path, and bending with formability. In this research, the effects of bending via two finite element models are investigated. In the first method, the out-of-plane deformation is applied by increasing punch displacement to study the effects of bending. In the second method, the effect of bending is investigated via changing punch diameter (25, 50, 70 and, 100 mm). The Marciniak–Kuczynski (M–K) theory is used to predict the time of localized necking in finite element simulations. Furthermore, a novel method for the determination of the inhomogeneity coefficient is presented in M–K model to simulate the groove width for M–K model. To verify finite element simulation results, Nakazima tests with 50 and 100 mm punch diameters were done as experimental studies. The comparison of experimental results and finite element analysis illustrates that the increasing bending or the out-of-plane loading can improve formability. At the end, the effect of bending on FLD is reported as an equation based on minor and major strains.

Effect of bending on transmission characteristics of polymeric arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers

Qin Z.K., Ma C.S., Li D.L., Li H., Zhang D.M., Liu S.Y.

Optica Applicata

2008

Vol. 38, nr 2

315-327

In terms of the transmission theory of the arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), parameter optimization is performed, and bending effect of arrayed waveguides on transmission characteristics is analyzed for a 33×33 polymeric AWG multiplexer around the central wavelength of 1550.918 nm with the wavelength spacing of 0.8 nm. Analytical results show that the bending of arrayed waveguides causes the phaseshift of the light propagating in the AWG, results in the shift of the transmission spectrum, and brings about the variation of the crosstalk. For the designed AWG device, the Shift of the transmission spectrum is about 0.01 nm, which is much less than the wavelength spacing of 0.8 nm.