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Developing Beach Litter Monitoring System Based on Reflectance Characteristics and its Abundance

Antara I Made Oka Guna, Nuarsa I Wayan, Sudarma I Made, Hendrawan I Gede, Cordova Muhammad Reza

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 5

61--78

Marine litter is a major global problem; it originates on land and enters the ocean via rivers, coastal erosion, and extreme events. Over time, marine litter collects in coastal areas. As a result, the research on litter dispersal and buildup is critical for successful coastal area management. Addressing the knowledge gap is critical for establishing successful solutions to fight that problem. In recent years, a variety of remote sensing techniques have been used to better understand litter abundance, distribution patterns, and dynamics in marine as well as coastal ecosystems. Marine litter detection and quantification are carried out using aircraft-based imaging systems, satellite images, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The purpose of this study was to create a beach litter monitoring system or technical reference using a small UAV and geographic information system (GIS), with the test location at Batu Belig Beach, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia. The box-plot approach was used to determine the reflectance threshold on the orthophoto. GIS is used to determine the regions with and without litter based on the set threshold values. To verify the model, Slovin’s Formula was used to collect the sample, with a confusion matrix indicating an accuracy of 80%. This monitoring system provides a simple approach for identifying and measuring litter, even with only one person handling the entire operation. The outcomes of this analysis indicated that the majority of litter at the study location was made up of white plastic bags and styrofoam. As a last step, portraying litter abundance as a percentage per square meter was considered.

Litter sources on the Polish Baltic shore – effect of increased anthropogenic pollution

Łabuz Tomasz Arkadiusz

Studia Quaternaria

2021

Vol. 38, Nr 2

85--100

The article summarises results of studies on litter concentrations on the Polish sea shore. Origin, mechanism of transport and source of litter are discussed. The main part of the data has been based on litter quality and quantity investigation in post-storm marine sediments. Data were collected in surface sediments since 2001 and in fossil washover fans dated 1988–2000 in different locations on the coast. Litter has been divided according to the material, use, size and origin. Analysis of litter quantity on beaches after storm surges showed an annual increase. The heavier surge, the more debris and mixed litter appear on the coast. A large increase in the amount of litter has been observed after the storm in 2009. The average amount of litter per 1 m2 has increased from 1.5 in 2001 to 17.5 in 2020. Among litter there is still a similar share of fishery and ship waste. The biggest growth was observed in waste of consumable origin. Plastic litter, including anthropogenic waste left on beaches, has increased to 80% in recent years. Most waste occurred on the coast adjacent to the Vistula River mouth.