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1

Estimating solid contaminant levels in beach sands through petrographic analysis, screening evaluation, and optical imaging

Kuś Sebastian, Jelonek Zbigniew, Jelonek Iwona, Sierka Edyta

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 3

50--63

EN

Determining the level of solid pollution in beach sands located near artificial inland water bodies in order to maintain high safety standards is a difficult and expensive task. The tests aimed at determining beach pollution caused by solid wastes through analysis of toxic and chemical concentrations, are time-consuming and usually require several days before the results are available. In addition, the maintenance of the beach area involving beach raking or grooming, and the seasonal replenishment of sand makes it difficult to realistically determine the chemical or bacterial contamination of the tested material. Solid pollutants, such as glass, caps, cans, thick foil, metal, and plastic fragments, pose a greater health risk to beachgoers. The above-mentioned pollutants, especially small ones, are hardly visible on the surface or they are buried at shallow depths. Beach garbage poses a serious threat that can lead to infections from cuts and scratches. These injuries can become infected, further jeopardizing the health and lives of beachgoers due to risks like tetanus, staphylococcus, etc. The authors presented a new petrographic method aimed at assessing the quality of sand by examining the content of solid pollutants. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that the mentioned procedure can be used for a quick quantitative estimation of the content of potentially dangerous and undesirable pollutants in beach sands. Consequently, the method implemented to determent the amount of solid pollutants in beach sands has proven to be a valuable tool for recreational facility administrators, helping them in taking necessary measures to ensure the safety of beach users. Petrographic analysis of beach sands revealed the presence of pollutants of plant origin (0.4–1.8%), plastic (0.1–0.4%), paper (0.1–0.6%), charcoal (0.1–0.5%), glass (0.1–0.4%), metals (0.1–0.4%), rust (0.1–0.3%), ash and slag (0.1–0.3%), and fossil coals (0.1–0.2%).

2

Morfodynamika sztucznie zasilonej plaży Bałtyku pomiędzy Gdańskiem a Sopotem

Jobska Aleksandra, Rucińska Maria

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 7

443--447

EN

The research area is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea, along the Gulf of Gdańsk. It includes a beach where sand replenishment was carried out in 2019. The aim of the study was to investigate the morphodynamics of beach deposits in replenishing and non-replenishing areas during one year. No environmental dynamic conditions sufficient to alter significantly the beach morphology and sediment characteristics occurred during the study period, November 2019 to August 2020. One storm event was recorded, but did not significantly affect the beachform. The transverse beach profiles, which were artificially recharged in June 2019, were lowered by 0.6 to 1.2 m. The greatest changes were caused by the erosive activity of the waters of the Jelitkowski Stream.

3

Beach bary we Wrocławiu. Ewaluacja przestrzeni

Dziubiński Dariusz

Architectus

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2019

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Nr 4 (60)

93--110

PL

Od 2016 r. we Wrocławiu powstało kilkanaście beach barów. Większość z nich zlokalizowano nad rzeką. Ich model przestrzenny (a także biznesowy), oparty na skojarzeniach zawartych w samej nazwie, kreujący przestrzeń o dużej atrakcyjności skłonił autora do objęcia ich badaniami. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było poznanie i ewaluacja stosowanych w beach barach sposobów ożywiania przestrzeni, przyciągania i zachęcania ludzi do spędzania tam czasu, a tym samym zrozumienie działania tych miejsc jako przestrzeni. Punktem wyjścia obserwacji i badań było założenie, że beach bary są rodzajem przestrzeni podobnych do miejskich przestrzeni publicznych, co z jednej strony pozwala sprawdzić, czy mogą one odgrywać taką rolę, a z drugiej daje możliwość potraktowania ich jako lustra, w którym pokazane zostanie to, czego miejskie przestrzenie publiczne nie zapewniają. Przyjęta metoda polegała na ciągłej obserwacji, dla której głównym punktem odniesienia była kilkudziesięcioletnia praktyka projektowa i realizacyjna amerykańskiej organizacji non-profit „Project for Public Spaces”. Zgodnie z tym podejściem ocena dotyczyła czterech sekcji: dostępność i połączenia, komfort i wizerunek, funkcja i działanie oraz wartość społeczna. Beach bary są przestrzeniami proponującymi urozmaicone formy spędzania czasu, zapewniają różnorodną, bogatą ofertę i dają możliwość korzystania z różnych rodzajów aktywności, a także umożliwiają użytkownikom dużą swobodę zachowania.

EN

Since 2016 several beach bars have been opened in Wrocław. Most of them were located by the river. The study was inspired by their spatial (and also business) model which relies on creating places of great attractiveness and bases on associations contained in the name itself. The research strived at learning and evaluating the ways of bringing the space to life, attracting and encouraging people to spend their time there, and thus at understanding how these places work as a space. The starting point for this observation and research was the assumption that beach bars are a type of space similar to urban public spaces. On the one hand, it makes it possible to see whether they can play such a role, while on the other it allows to treat them as a mirror which can reveal what urban public spaces are unable to provide. The adopted method consisted of a continuous observation. The long-standing practice in designing and implementing projects by the American non-profit organization “Project for Public Spaces” provided the main reference point for this study. According to this approach, the evaluation referred to four parameter groups: access and connections, comfort and image, function and action, and social value. Beach bars are spaces offering varied forms of leisure, they provide a diverse, rich offer and give an opportunity to enjoy various types of activities. They also give users a great freedom of behavior.

4

Linia wody – szczególne miejsce arenalu południowego Bałtyku dla wolnożyjących nicieni

Taberska A., Rokicka-Praxmajer J.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

9--18

PL

Praca przedstawia charakterystykę strukturalną i funkcjonalną zespołów nematofauny, zasiedlających osady na linii wody w południowym Bałtyku. Wolnożyjące nicienie oznaczono do rodzaju oraz określono ich strukturę troficzną. Zagęszczenie nematofauny na badanych stanowiskach wahało się od 10,52 ± 9,82 osob./10 cm2 do 124,49 ± 76,39 osob./10 cm2. Najliczniej występowały nicienie z rodzaju Ascolaimus, stanowiąc od ok. 45% do 74% całkowitej liczebności nematofauny. Łącznie w okresie badań stwierdzono nematofaunę należącą do 7 rodzajów. Za zasadniczy element nematofauny zasiedlającej osady na linii wody uznano nicienie z rodzajów: Ascolaimus, Axonolaimus, Enoplolaimus i Daptonema. Pod względem funkcjonalnym dominowali nieselektywni osadożercy, osobniki z nieuzbrojoną torebką gębową, reprezentowane przez nicienie z rodzajów: Ascolaimus, Axonolaimus, Theristus i Daptonema.

EN

This paper presents the structural and functional characteristics of nematofauna assemblages inhabiting the sediments along the water line in the southern Baltic Sea. The nematodes were identified to the genus level and assigned to appropriate trophic group. The density of free-living nematoda varied from 10.52 ± 9.82 ind./10 cm2 to 124.49 ± 76.39 ind./10 cm2. Ascolaimus was the most abundantly represented genus, accounting for from 45% to 74% of the total number of nematofauna. A total of 7 nematode genera were identified. Ascolaimus, Axonolaimus, Enoplolaimus and Daptonema were considered essential elements of nematofauna. In terms of functionality, non-selective deposit feeders were predominant, individuals with unarmed buccal cavity, represented by nematodes of the genera Ascolaimus, Axonolaimus, Theristus and Daptonema.

5

Plaże dostępne dla wszystkich

Komorowska A.

Zieleń Miejska

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2016

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Nr 7-8

26--27

PL

Lato, słońce, plaża, szum morza... Jedni lubią leżeć na plaży i opalać się godzinami, inni wolą spędzać czas aktywnie – pływając, serfując, grając we frisbee. Nad morzem znajdziemy też kreatywnych konstruktorów zamków z piasku, kolekcjonerów muszelek i bursztynów. Są też tacy, dla których wyjazd nad Bałtyk się nie z wypoczynkiem, lecz z drogą przez mękę.

6

Cutaneous larva migrans - a threat to divers in the tropics

Olszański R., Siermontowski P., Dąbrowiecki Z.

Polish Hyperbaric Research

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2016

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nr 3(56)

33--36

EN

The article presents a dermatosis that occurs in tropical and subtropical countries. Though the definitive hosts of the cutaneous larva migrans parasite are animals, humans can become accidental hosts and they are infected when their skin comes into contact with damp soil, most frequently sand. The disease is only present in the epidermis where an itch is brought about by the mining activity of the larva. Sunbathers and divers who put on their gear on a beach, on account of the epidermis maceration caused by a prolonged exposure to water, are particularly susceptible to the penetrative activities of the larva. In Poland the cutaneous larva migrans is in most cases mistaken for nettle rash or eczema.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia występującą w krajach tropikalnych i subtropikalnych dermatozę. Larwa skórna wędrująca jest pasożytem, których ostatecznymi żywicielami są zwierzęta. Człowiek jest przypadkowym żywicielem. Do zarażenia u człowieka dochodzi podczas kontaktu skóry z wilgotną ziemią, a najczęściej piaskiem. Choroba przebiega tylko w naskórku, larwa drąży kręty korytarz wywołując świąd. Narażeni są plażowicze i przebierający się na plaży nurkowie, których zmacerowany długim pobytem w wodzie naskórek, ułatwia penetrację larw. W Polsce zarażenie larwa skórną wędrującą w większości przypadków jest błędnie rozpoznawane jako pokrzywka lub wyprysk.

7

Poważny brak danych o przyczynach zanieczyszczeń rzek i kąpielisk

Dąbrowski W., Dąbrowska B.

Technologia Wody

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2015

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Nr 5 (43)

26--30

PL

Opisano w jaki sposób poprzez brak ustanowienia przepisów dotyczących tak monitoringu jak i zbierania danych o zrzutach z przelewów awaryjnych kanalizacji bytowo-gospodarczej oraz sposobu przetwarzania tych informacji, doprowadzono do sytuacji w której nie jest nawet znana skala wpływu takich zrzutów na Jednolite Części Wód w Polsce. Taka sytuacja nie sprzyja planowaniu i realizowaniu inwestycji w celu zmniejszenia oddziaływania zrzutów awaryjnych na wody powierzchniowe.

EN

It has been pointed out that the Polish law does not consider any rules of monitoring collecting and processing data on discharges from Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSO) and on their impact on recreational waters. As the result of this gap in regulations even the scale of such accidental discharges impact on surface water quality is not known. This does not support, actions on planning; investments oriented on decreasing the total load of pollution being discharged to surface waters.

8

Application of XBeach to model a storm response on a sandy spit at the southern Baltica

Bugajny N., Furmańczyk K., Dudzińska-Nowak J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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Vol. 44, No. 4

552--562

EN

The process-based XBeach model has been used to simulate changes in beach and dune morphology in terms of influence of the significant storm event on the sandy Dziwnow Spit, located in the western part of the Polish coast. The research was carried out as part of the SatBałtyk project and represents the first stage of XBeach model application to create a system for recording the selected effects and hazards caused by current and expected storm events. The significant storm event, registered in 2009, was used for model calibration. Ten cross-shore profiles were selected and compared against preand post-storm morphological data. Model performance was verified on the basis of BSS values for the terrestrial part of the profiles. Verification of the results was performed using two different approaches: on the basis of the highest mean BSS value for all profiles together and for one set of parameters (approach no. 1) and on the basis of the highest BSS value for each profile and most adequate sets of parameters (approach no. 2). Additionally, the observed and modelled beach and dune volume changes were calculated. The research showed that the XBeach model is well capable of simulating the dune and beach erosion caused by the storm event, but the model requires site-specific calibration. High sensitivity of the XBeach model to the facua parameter was determined; the parameter defines the wave shape and affects the sediment transport. The best fit of the profiles was obtained for BSS, ranging between 0.71 and 0.93, with the parameter hmin = 0.01 or 0.05, facua = 0.2-0.5, wetslp = 0.2-0.4 and dryslp = 1 or 1.5. The volume estimation error ranged from +0.6 m3 m-1 to -7.7 m3 m-1, which represents 2.7% to 31.6%.

9

The Microbiological and Sanitary State of Sand in the Municipal Bathing Beach in Szczecin

Zatoń K., Błaszak M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

|

Vol. 16, nr 5

40--45

EN

Artificial beaches, i.e. places in the public sphere, are usually intended for recreation, located at water reservoirs, rivers, and their surface is naturally occurring or applied sand. The urban bathing beach located in Szczecin by the Deep lake has sand purchased and distributed on the beach by the Municipal Services Office in Szczecin (a few hundred ton). The beach is divided into sectors, a volleyball court is in one part, in the next section catering and sanitary facilities are located, and the remaining area is a place intended for sunbathing and playing games. The aim of the experiment was to assess the effects of different ways of using the beach on changes of microbiological properties of the sand. The tests were taken from the beach sand in May 2013 (first term examinations), and in September, after several months of use (the second term of examinations). The sand was collected near catering and sanitary sector (the first object) and from the area of the volleyball court (the second object), as well as the playground for children (the third object). The facilities were distanced from the shoreline of the lake by approx. 8 metres. The comparison included the number of heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and the detected presence of coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, bacteria of the genus Salmonella and eggs of intestinal parasites. In any of the objects, or the periods of time, eggs of intestinal parasites and bacteria of the genus Salmonella were detected. The presence of coliform bacteria including E. coli was found in the sand collected from a catering-sanitary zone, there was also the biggest number of bacteria and fungi. The number of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi was similar in samples of sand taken from the volleyball court and from the playground, in this sand there was no bacteria belonging to the E. coli species, although in several samples from the playground other bacteria belonging to the coliform genus were detected. To sum up, it is possible to state that the same sand used in various ways is gaining different microbiological characteristics. The values of the studied parameters differed significantly with regards to sand taken from the area of consumption, hygiene-sanitary activities and sand collected from the area of active leisure (the court and playground). These results indicate the need for a deliberate selection of location for sunbathing (children playing in the sand) away from the sites for culinary and sanitary purposes.

10

State of shore and backshore on the basis of monitoring results for selected polish seashores

Boniecka H., Kaźmierczak A.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2015

|

Vol. 30, No. 1

150--163

EN

Aim of works on morphology and morphometry of the coastal zone is identification of qualitative and quantitative changes in the beach-dune strip and in the shoreface in conditions of their natural and anthropogenic transformations. As shore and backshore are essential elements reducing risks from the sea to the adjacent hinterland, this article focuses on evaluation of their parameters. Moreover, elements of the coast are described herein in detail. The research material used for the purposes of this article were records of bathymetric-tacheometric measurements of the Polish coast, made at consistent profiles evenly spaced every 500 m. The measurements did not cover the areas adjacent to the Bay of Gdańsk or the Lagoons. This article presents an analysis of the measurements of components of the coastal zone, which covered four morphodynamical areas (the Hel Peninsula, Jastrzębia Góra – Jarosławiec, Jarosławiec – Sarbinowo, and Sarbinowo – Międzyzdroje), twelve sandbar stretches (the Helska, Karniewska, Sarbska, Łebska, Długie, Gardno, Wicko, Kopań, Bukowo, Jamno, Resko, and Dziwnowska Spits) and thirteen cliff stretches (the cliffs in Chłapowo, Jastrzębia Góra, Rowy, Dębina, Ustka, Jarosławiec, Wicie, Sarbinowo, Ustronie Morskie, Śliwin, Trzęsacz, Pobierowo, and on Wolin Island). The basic linear parameters of the beach-dune and beach-cliff belt were read from 678 printouts of tacheometric profiles. A detailed analysis carried out in this manner made it possible for the endangered sections of the coast to manifest themselves. The obtained data are a basis for further comparative analyses, and assessment of the shore under conditions of implementation of the Act on the Protection of Sea Coasts.

PL

Celem prac nad morfologią i morfometrią strefy brzegowej jest poznanie jakościowych i ilościowych zmian zachodzących w pasie plażowo-wydmowym i na podbrzeżu w warunkach ich naturalnych i antropogenicznych przekształceń. W artykule skupiono się na ocenie parametrów brzegu i nadbrzeża, jako znaczących elementów redukujących zagrożenie przyległego zaplecza od strony morza. Ponadto opisano szczegółową charakterystykę elementów wybrzeża. Materiałem badawczym były zapisy pomiarów batymetryczno-tachimetrycznych polskiego wybrzeża, w stałych profilach rozmieszczonych co 500 m. Pomiary nie objęły swoim zasięgiem obszarów przylegających do Zatoki Gdańskiej czy zalewów. W artykule przedstawiono analizę pomiarów elementów strefy brzegowej, które objęły cztery rejony morfodynamiczne (Półwysep Hel, Jastrzębia Góra- -Jarosławiec, Jarosławiec-Sarbinowo oraz Sarbinowo-Międzyzdroje), dwanaście odcinków mierzejowych (Helska, Karniewska Sarbska, Łebska, Długie, Gardno, Wicko, Kopań, Bukowo, Jamno, Resko i Dziwnowska) i trzynaście odcinków klifowych (chłapowski, jastrzębski, rowski, dębski, ustecki, jarosławiecki, wicki, sarbinowski, ustroniomorski, śliwiński, trzęsacki, pobierowski i woliński). Na wydrukach 678 profili tachimetrycznych odczytano podstawowe parametry liniowe pasa plażowo-wydmowego i plażowo-klifowego. Tak przeprowadzona szczegółowa analiza wybrzeża pozwoliła na uwidocznienie zagrożonych odcinków. Uzyskane dane stanowią podstawę do dalszych analiz porównawczych i oceny stanu brzegu w warunkach wdrażania zapisów ustawy o ochronie brzegów morskich.

11

Occurrence of potentially human pathogenic bacteria in the seawater and in the sand of the recreational coastal beach in the southern Baltic Sea

Mudryk Z. J., Gackowska J., Skórczewski P., Perliński P., Zdanowicz M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2014

|

Vol. 43, No. 4

366--373

EN

The occurrence and the distribution of potentially human pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas aeruoginosa, Staphylococcus and Vibrio-like organisms in the sand and the adjacent seawater of the recreational coastal beach were studied. The highest mean number among these four studied groups of bacteria was represented by Aeromonas-like organisms and the lowest one by Staphylococcus-like organisms. Dry sand was inhabited by the highest number of all studied potentially pathogenic bacteria. Within a year, the number of the studied bacteria inhabiting the sand and the seawater showed considerable monthly changes. There were differences in the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria between the surface and the subsurface sand layers with a clear decrease in their number toward the deeper layers of the sand.

12

Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus-like organisms isolated from a recreational sea beach on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea as one of the consequences of anthropogenic pressure

Skórczewski P., Mudryk Z. J., Miranowicz J., Perlinski P., Zdanowicz M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2014

|

Vol. 43, No. 1

41--48

EN

Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus-like organisms (STLO) isolated from a recreational sea beach located on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea was studied. The results of the present study showed that STLO inhabiting sand and seawater of the beach strongly differed in the resistance level to tested antibiotics. These microorganisms were most resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, oxytetracycline and susceptible to gentamicin, neomycin and streptomycin. Moreover, the level of antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from different parts of the beach also differed. Bacteria inhabiting the seawater, shoreline and the middle part of the beach were more antibiotic-resistant than bacteria isolated from the dune. The majority of bacteria inhabiting the seawater and sand were resistant to 3–8 antibiotics out of 12 tested in this study. Generally, there was no difference in antibiotic resistance between Staphylococcus-like organisms isolated from the surface and subsurface sand layers. STLO strains isolated from Ustka Beach were most resistant to β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics, and most susceptible to aminoglycosides.

13

Segregacja na plaży

Gorwa K.

Recykling

|

2013

|

nr 3

36-37

14

Community structure of psammon ciliates in sandy beaches of lakes

Kalinowska K.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2013

|

Vol. 42, No. 1

14-21

EN

Ciliate abundance and species composition were studied in the sandy beaches of six lakes of different trophic status (Poland). Samples of wet sand were taken in June 2007 from the euarenal (emergent sand), hygroarenal (sand wetted by lake waves) and hydroarenal (submerged sand) zones. The numbers of ciliates ranged from 105 to 2933 ind. cm-3 of sand and did not show any visible trend with lake productivity. In all the studied lakes, ciliates were much more numerous in the euarenal than in the hydroarenal. Small bacterivorous scuticociliates dominated in the euarenal, while Hymenostomatida, Cyrtophorida, Hypotrichida as well as Scuticociliatida comprised a significant part of the ciliate community in the hygro- and hydroarenal zones. There were positive correlations between ciliates and the concentrations of chlorophyll a and total nitrogen.

15

Seven years of macroinfauna monitoring at Ladeira beach (Corrubedo Bay, NW Spain) after the Prestige oil spill

Junoy J., Castellanos C., Viéitez J. M., Riera R.

Oceanologia

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2013

|

No. 55 (2)

393-407

EN

The exposed sandy beach of Ladeira (Corrubedo Bay, NW Spain) was sampled during seven years (2003-2009) after the Prestige oil spill (winter 2002-03), to determine interannual variations in the macroinfaunal community in two ways: (i) through ecological indices (species richness and abundances, Shannon's diversity and Pielou's evenness) and (ii) through the density of the most representative species. A clear zonation pattern was found, consisting of two zones: (i) the supralittoral, occupied by talitrid amphipods, isopods and insects, and (ii) the intertidal, where marine crustaceans and polychaetes prevailed. The amphipods Talitrus saltator and Talorchestia deshayesii dominated from the drift line upwards, and isopods (Eurydice spp.), polychaetes (Scolelepis spp.) and the amphipod Pontocrates arenarius dominated the intertidal. Univariate indices remained constant throughout the study period in the supralittoral, but they varied widely in the intertidal zone. Multivariate analysis showed that the Prestige oil spill scarcely affected the macroinfaunal community structure during the study period (2003-2009) and its effect was limited just to the first campaign (2003), six months after the Prestige accident.

16

Meta-narracja jako aranżacja miasta innowacyjnego ... Studium przypadku miasta nadmorskiego

Pokrzywnicka K., Juchnevic K.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2012

|

R. 109, z. 1-A/2

123--128

PL

W miastach współczesnych praktykowane jest „wdrażanie” nowo realizowanych elementów tkanki fizycznej w nowej meta-skali, bez względu na zastałe uwarunkowania. Sylwetka miasta po operacji wdrożenia meta-narracji we fragmentach zmienia się nie do poznania... Aranżacja w nowej skali to także cząstka fascynującego procesu przemian trzech pięknych miast nadmorskich: Gdańska, Sopotu i Gdyni. Meta-narracja przestrzenna spowodowała już trwałe zmiany na styku miasta i wody, powodując zakłócenia w swobodnym przepływie energii miejskiej.

EN

Implementation of recently realized elements in a new meta-scale is a common practice in the contemporary cities. It may be applied to the built-up area, as well as to the landscape and it is done regardless of previously found permanent conditions. A city profile, due to implementation of meta-narration, changes, in some parts beyond recognition... All observable changes raise objections or admiration. The fact is that a new scale of urban development is also a characteristic feature of urban development in three beautiful seaside cities – Gdansk, Sopot and Gdynia. Spatial metanarration has already caused permanent changes in areas at the meeting of the city and water. As a result, easy flow of urban energy was disrupted.

17

Studies concerning heterotrophic bacteria decomposing macromolecular compounds at two marine beaches

Mudryk Z., Skórczewski P., Perliński P., Wielgat M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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Vol. 40, No.3

74-83

EN

The potential capability to decompose macromolecular compounds was confirmed in heterotrophic bacteria isolated from two sandy beaches located on the southern Baltic coast. Proteolytic bacteria were the most numerous group, whereas lipolytic organisms were rare among bacteria inhabiting the studied beaches. All studied physiological groups of bacteria were considerably more numerous in the sand of the beach subject to stronger anthropopressure. The differences in bacteriological parameters across the horizontal profile of the beaches were noted. In both studied beaches a higher number of bacteria able to decompose macromolecular compounds were recorded in the surface as compared to the subsurface sand layer.

18

Plaża i park w nadmorskim w kurorcie - przestrzeń zdrowa czy przestrzeń czekająca na uzdrowienie?

Pokrzywnicka K.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

|

2010

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R. 107, z. 3-A

137-145

PL

Dla miasta nadmorskiego można by zdefiniować miejsce wspólne - plażę i pas nadmorski jako organiczną, magiczną część miasta. Magnetyzm takiego miejsca uzasadnia się trzema klasycznymi uwarunkowaniami: jednością czasu, miejsca (przestrzeni) i przyrody wraz z niezbędną architekturą. Uogólniając - przestrzeń publiczna współczesnego miasta nadmorskiego jest to realnie, fizycznie istniejąca w tkance miasta przestrzeń o niezwykłej energii własnej, wyposażona w ogromną siłę przyciągania; przestrzeń uzdrawiająca (terapeutyczna).

EN

For the seaside city it is possible to define the common place - beaches and the coastal zone as the organic, magic part of the city. The magnetism of such a place is being justified by three classical conditions: the unity of the time, places (space) and nature with essential architecture. Generalizing - the public sphere of the modern seaside town is in reality, physically existing in the tissue of the city, space, having its own unique energy, equipped with enormous power of attraction; healing space (therapeutic).

19

HOBAS SewerLine - pomagamy chronić hawajskie plaże i austriackie trasy narciarskie

Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne

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2009

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Nr 6

40-42

PL

Turystyka to główny sektor gospodarki Hawajów, których największą atrakcję stanowią słynne plaże. Uszkodzenie starego systemu kanalizacyjnego mogło doprowadzić do zamknięcia ulubionych przez turystów plaż - Waikiki i Ala Moana. Ponadto ścieki komunalne stanowią poważne zagrożenie dla wrażliwego ekosystemu rafy koralowej oraz innych gatunków flory i fauny morskiej występujących w tym regionie. Nic dziwnego, że władze Nonolulu i hrabstwa Maui nie szczędzą wysiłków, by chronić środowisko naturalne. Podobnie dzieje się w austriackim mieście Feldbach, dla którego turystyka i sporty zimowe są ważnym źródłem przychodów. Zagrożeniem dla tej infrastruktury i samych mieszkańców są powodzie i lawiny błotne. By zminimalizować skutki tych kataklizmów, podjęto decyzję o budowie przelewu burzowego.

20

Utilisation of macroalgae from the Sopot beach (Baltic Sea)

Filipkowska A., Lubecki L., Szymczak-Żyła M., Kowalewska G., Żbikowski R., Szefer P.

Oceanologia

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2008

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No. 50 (2)

255-273

EN

The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of utilising the macroalgae accumulating on the Sopot beach, a part of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea). During this work (2004-2006) a range of activities were undertaken: monitoring the occurrence of macroalgae, collection of plant material, taxonomic identification, laboratory analyses of contamination (metals - Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Hg; radionuclides - 137Cs, 40K; organic contaminants - polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), the stage of algal degradation and studying possible uses of the plant material collected on the beach. The most suitable way of utilising the plant material seems to be as a biofertiliser. Laboratory growth tests were carried out to assess this possible use; they were successful.