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Comparative assessment of carbon dioxide emissions from internal combustion engines vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles operated in Poland from 2025–2040 –all types of vehicles M1 category

Golebiewski Wawrzyniec, Galdynski Dominik, Osipowicz Tomasz, Lisowski Maciej

Transport Problems

2025

T. 20, z. 2

45--58

This study presents calculations of relative carbon dioxide emissions for different types of passenger cars (internal combustion engine vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles). Using a model based on the life cycle assessment methodology, carbon dioxide equivalent emissions were determined for these vehicles, taking into account three scenarios of energy diversification for Poland from 2025 to 2040. Based on the research, it was concluded that the most environmentally friendly vehicles (in terms of carbon dioxide emissions) are fuel cell electric vehicles. The least environmentally friendly vehicles during operation are plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.