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Hypothetic Reconstruction of The Development of The Defensive Structures of The Middle Town of Rohatyn in 15th−17th Centuries

Bevz Mykola

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

2018

Vol. 14, nr 1

71--88

On the Rohatyn example we want to demonstrate: 1. how the battles, assault and destruction of the town influenced the character of its urban and architectural development (as shown by the example of the Battle of 1509 and the events of World War I); 2. how important the fortification element was in the past in towns of Halychyna region; 3. what methodology can be used to reconstruct the stages of development of urban fortifications, given that today they are almost completely lost; 4. the importance of a thorough analysis of the current state of the territory and the town’s relief, the study of historical documents, analysis of cartographic materials and iconographic sources for the theoretical reconstruction of stages of development of fortifications. The town of Rohatyn belongs to the oldest urban locations that existed according to the German (Magdeburg) law in the territory of Western Ukraine. The great chronological depth of the town’s urban structure has been often mentioned by researchers. However, academic literature does not yet fully cover the changes made to the planning of the town’s structure during the 15th−17th centuries. Similarly, the stages of development of the town’s defensive lines were not identified, although historical documents contain many references to the existence of fortifications around the middle town and the castle. Existing documentation only describes the urban changes in general terms, with researchers not yet having organized them into specific planning schemes. In our present work, we set our goal as the reconstruction of the different stages of development of fortifications of the original walled medieval town of Rohatyn. We use the following methodology: analysis of the town’s planning structure based on both historical and contemporary maps; studies of the remains of fortifications in the current landscape; comparison of field studies with data from cartographic analysis to references to the defensive objects found in historical documents; studies of analogical landmarks; and graphical reconstruction of stages of development of fortifications. According to our research, the fortification history of the town can be divided into four main stages. 1st stage – between 1415 AD (date of the town’s founding) and 1509 AD (complete demolition of the town as a result of the attack of the Wallachian-Turkish army). 2nd stage – from 1509 AD to approximately 1539 AD. The town within the walls of the surrounding fortification is restored on the basis of new royal privileges given in 1523, 1535 and 1539. The town is able to develop, with new fortifications being built around the residential and commercial districts of the town and the castle. 3rd stage – from 1539 AD to the end of the 16th century. A new district called the “New Town” was created to the west of the old walled town, with a new belt of earth bastion fortifications. At the end of this period, the bank form of the defenses was modernized into the bastion forms. 4th stage – the 17th century. The town’s fortifications continue to be maintained in good condition and upgraded. The territorial expansion of the town to the south led to the emergence of new residential neighborhoods and the creation of additional bastion fortifications to the east and south of the borders of the New Town. Our research has shown that Rohatyn is a unique town in aspects of the development of fortification systems in the 15th and 17th centuries in Ukraine.

Na przykładzie Rohatyna, miasta w Ukrainie Zachodniej, prezentujemy etapy rozwoju architektury obronnej śródmiescia. Argumentacja bazuje siȩ na analizie struktury planistycznej miasta, na analizie materiału kartograficznego historycznego i wspolczesnego, badaniach terenowych szczatkỏw fortyfikacji, analizie dokumentów historycznych, analizie fortyfikacji budowanej w miastach-sąsiadach. Historia budowy linii obronnych dookola śródmiescia Rohatyna rekonstruje siȩ na cztery główne faze, przentujące ciekawe drogi modernizacji umocnieṅ od typu parkanu drewnianego do murowanych bastionów.

Studium rekonstrukcji bastejowych fortyfikacji Wrocławia na przykładzie reliktów odkrytych w rejonie pl. Wolności

Michalski M., Babral K, Wiatrzyk K

Architectus

2014

Nr 3(39)

11--21

Ratownicze badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne przeprowadzone w latach 2007–2012 na placu Wolności we Wrocławiu stworzyły okazję do zastanowienia się nad wyglądem bastejowych fortyfi kacji miejskich, zewnętrznego obwodu fortyfi kacji, których relikty między innymi zostały odkryte. Na podstawie dostępnych materiałów źródłowych autorzy starają się określić, w jakim okresie fortyfi kacje zostały wzniesione, oraz opisać charakterystykę odkrytych reliktów. Te działania mają na celu opracowanie rekonstrukcji pokazującej prawdopodobny wygląd kurtyny muru bastejowego w dwóch jego fragmentach odkrytych na placu Wolności i w dwóch fazach. Istotne wydało się pokazanie również analogicznych rozwiązań murów bastejowych na obszarze Europy, potwierdzających przedstawione próby rekonstrukcji.

Rescuing archaeological and architectural researches, conducted in the years 2007 to 2012 in Wrocław in Wolności Square, have created an opportunity to refl ect upon the bastion fortifi cations’ appearance. Authors are trying to determine, basing on the available source materials, in what period the fortifi cations were built and discuss the characteristics of the discovered relics. These works are designed to develop a reconstruction which shows, in their opinion, the most likely bastion’s curtain wall’s appearance in two of its fragments discovered in Wolności Square and the two building phases which could be distinguished. It seemed important to show analogous bastion defensive walls within Europe as an evidence of the presented attempts of reconstruction.