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Ptaki jako wskaźnik różnorodności biologicznej miast

Michalicha M., Mitrus C.

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2018

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T. 22, cz. 1

63--68

PL

Tereny miejskie oddziaływają na zamieszkujące je zwierzęta głównie przez bardzo duże zagęszczenie ludności i zabudowy, pokarm pochodzenia antropogenicznego oraz wyższą średnią roczną temperaturę otoczenia. Jedne gatunki zaczęły kolonizować miasta, a inne przeciwnie - z powodu braku dogodnych siedlisk unikają miejskich aglomeracji. Zwierzęta są często używane jako wskaźnik bioróżnorodności. Ptaki jako zwierzęta wszechobecne, zwracające na siebie uwagę barwnym upierzeniem i śpiewem, czułe na zmiany środowiska, są bardzo dobrym wskaźnikiem bioróżnorodności. Zmiany ich liczebności i występowania informują nas o stanie całego środowiska przyrodniczego. Chroniąc różnorodność biologiczną zwierząt, musimy śledzić zmiany, jakie zachodzą w liczebności i rozmieszczeniu danych gatunków oraz zagrożenia na jakie są narażone wnikając do miast. Obecnie w Polsce opublikowano atlasy ornitologiczne dla dwunastu miast oraz dwie nie atlasowe monografie dotyczące awifauny miejskiej. Jak do tej pory żaden z atlasów polskich miast nie został powtórzony, a dane zawarte w niektórych sięgają lat 80. XX wieku. Zmiany, jakie nastąpiły w tym czasie, zdecydowanie zmieniły sytuację ptaków w środowisku miejskim. Przyczyną spadku liczebności niektórych gatunków jest ograniczenie liczby miejsc lęgowych, likwidowanie ich naturalnych ostoi przez wycinanie krzewów i drzew, ekrany dźwiękochłonne oraz prace przy modernizacji budynków. Problemem są również bezpańskie koty, które dziesiątkują znaczną populację ptaków. Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na aspektach regionalnych ochrony bioróżnorodności w miastach na przykładzie awifauny. Starania ochronne w skali regionu mogą przełożyć się na sukces bogactwa gatunkowego w szerszym aspekcie.

EN

Urban areas affect the animals that inhabit them mainly by: very high density of people and buildings, anthropogenic food resources and higher average annual ambient temperature. Some species have begun to colonize cities, while others quite the contrary, on account of lack of natural convenient habitats avoid urban agglomerations. Animals are often used as an indicator of biodiversity. Especially birds, as ubiquitous animals, attracting attention with colorful feathering and singing, sensitive to environmental changes are very good indicator of biodiversity. Changes in their abundance and distribution inform us about quality of the entire natural environment. Trying to protect the biological diversity of animals, we must follow the changes that occur in the abundance and distribution of the species and the threats to which they are exposed colonizing the cities. Nowadays in Poland at least, 12 urban avifauna atlases and 2 non-atlas form monographs have been published. So far, none of the atlas of Polish cities and towns has been repeated, and the data contained in some dates back to the 1980s. The changes that took place at that time, significantly changed the situation of birds in the urban environment. The reason for the decline abundance are: limiting the number of breeding sites, removing their natural refuges by cutting shrubs and trees, noise barriers and construction works on the modernization of buildings. The big problem is also stray cats, which decimating a significant populations of birds. This article focuses on regional aspects of biodiversity in urban area on the example of avifauna. Protective efforts at regional scale can translate into the success of species richness in the global aspect.

2

Feeding strategy of wintering rooks Corvus frugilegus L. in urban habitats

Jadczyk P., Drzeniecka-Osiadacz A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

587--596

EN

Rooks show a growing tendency to winter in cities. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of meteorological factors on the selection of feeding habitats and to discuss the diversity of feeding strategies in urban environments of different sizes and housing densities. The study was carried out in two cities in south-western Poland, Wrocław and Brzeg (populations of 636,000 and 39,000, respectively), in the years 2004–2008. Nineteen research areas differing in housing density were controlled once a week. In multiple regression, the number of rooks feeding in urban environments showed a correlation with air temperature and the thickness of snow cover. The densities of feeding rooks were higher in urban environments than in agrocenoses. They were also higher in Wrocław than in Brzeg, and in built-up areas than in undeveloped ones. Feeding groups were smaller in Brzeg than in Wrocław. They were also smaller in built-up areas in Brzeg than in undeveloped ones. More rooks fed individually in Brzeg than in Wrocław. The diversity in the frequency of individually feeding rooks in built-up and undeveloped environments was specific to each city. Rooks feeding in Brzeg were more active in searching for food than those in Wrocław, and birds feeding on optimum, undeveloped feeding grounds were more active than those in built-up areas . In both cities, rooks were fed by humans, mainly in built-up areas.

3

Factors shaping a breeding bird community along an urbanization gradient : 26-year study in medium size city (Lublin, SE Poland)

Biaduń W., Żmihorski M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 2

381-389

EN

We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of a breeding bird community in the urbanized landscape of Lublin city (150 km2, 0.5 million inhabitants, SE Poland). We conducted 211 separate territory mapping surveys during 26 years (1982-2007) in 24 green areas (0.2-30.1 ha in size), distributed along an urbanization gradient. We recorded a total of 16,151 territories of 65 species. According to the estimated species richness, we detected all the species present in the studied plots. The three species community indices (species richness, Shannon-Wiener index and abundance - number of breeding pairs in census plot) increased with increasing tree stand age and area of the site, while it decreased as the proportion of biologically inactive areas increased. The three indices showed significant negative trends as the study period progressed. The mean decreasing rate was 0.2 species and 2.3 territories per year. Distance to the city centre and understorey cover negatively affected bird abundance, while they positively affected species richness and the Shannon index. Tree stand age seems to be the most important of the three indices among the analyzed explanatory variables. Our results show that the diversity of breeding avifauna in an urbanized landscape can be significantly shaped by the proper management of vegetation and size of green areas in the city. The long term decline of the three diversity indices seems to be the most important outcome of our study and requires further research and monitoring.